| Term | Definition |
|---|
| The Inequality and Inhumanity of 19th Century Capitalism | Created a permanent lower class to feed the rich, gross inequality in wealth, low pay and long hours for workers, child labor, no safety regulations |
| The Lower Class Response to Industrialization | "Luddites" (early 1800's)-industrial sabotage, rebellion towards industrialization |
| Early Socialism | Opposition to capitalist's drive for profit and exploitation of workers, emphasis on equality and human cooperation |
| The Communist Challenge to Capitalism | The Communist Manifest (1848) Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels |
| Bourgeoisie | capitalists/industrialists with all the money and status-concerned only with profit |
| Proletariat | the masses, all they have is the value of their labor, no one should profit their output |
| Communist ideology in THEORY | No human being should be oppressed by another-abolish private property, abolish child labor, provide universal education, nationalize all production and transportation, end racism and imperialism, abolish nations, no religion |
| Religion is "the opium of the masses" | Karl Marx |
| Communist ideology cont. | workers must overthrow the state and create a global workers' paradise, a class free society |
| The Appeal of Communism | workers and people who are suffering, starving, oppressed by a capitalist system, nations that have had negative experiences with Western Imperialism |
| The Russian Revolution | 1917, 3 pre-conditions of Political Revolution said Theda Skocpol |
| 3 Pre-Conditions of Political Revolution | 1. Popular unrest (agitation for reform) 2. Crisis of the state (the ruling entity has to be weakened to allow for change) 3. Revolutionary leadership (someone to channel the ideas and frustrations) |
| Popular unrest in Russia | 300 years of authoritarian rule, Tsar Nicholas II has absolute power and lives off high taxes on the Russian people |
| Bloody Sunday | January 1905, Russians organizes protests and Nicholas fires on them |
| October Manifesto | 1905, Nicholas agrees to this and creates a legislative assembly called the Duma, grants some increased civil liberties such as freedom of the press and right of assembly |
| WWII: the turning point | August 1914, Nicholas takes charge of the war effort personally; his success becomes tied to Russia's |
| Nicholas's WWII Strategy | Raise a massive army: 15 million of Russia's strongest men, problem is that he draws workers off the fields and out of industry, leads to shortages in food, clothing, and munitions for soldiers, pressure on workers back home increases |
| Crisis of the State | Collapse of the Russian war effort by 1917 and Nicholas gets blamed |
| February Revolution | 1917, non-communist, workers go on strike in major cities, Tsar Nicholas II gives up power, Duma takes control and keeps Russia in the War |
| Revolutionary Leadership | Radical Communists, Lenin, the leader of the Bolsheviks (seek immediate revolutions) |
| Lenin seizes the moment | 1917, returns from exile, publishes the April Theses which promises to end the war and declares "all power to the soviets" (workers groups), has mass appeal to the dissatisfied workers and soldiers |
| "October Revolution" | 1917, communist, Bolsheviks overthrow the Duma, declare a communist government |
| Descent into Civil War | 1918-1921, "Reds"=Bolsheviks, "Whites"=opposed to communists, supported by industrialists, monarchists, liberals, conservatives, and moderate socialists |
| "The Red Terror" | Britain, France, and U.S. send troops to try to defeat the Communists, Lenin uses terror and violence to win the war, mass arrests, executions, and deportations |
| "The Soviet Union" | USSR created in 1922 |
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