| Term | Definition |
|---|
| pancreatic beta cells make | insulin |
| pancreatic alpha cells make | glucagon |
| adrenal medulla cells make | epinephrine |
| thyroid cells make | T4 |
| growth hormone made in | pituitary |
| ACTH made in | pituitary |
| cortisol made in | adrenal cortex |
| somatostatin made in __ and __ blood glucose | delta cells, decreases |
| ACTH stimulates __ | cortisol |
| lack of insulin (autoimmune) see in DM type | 1 |
| insulin resistance (defect of insulin receptor site) seen in DM type | 2 |
| renal threshold for glucose: | 160-180 mg |
| renal threshold is __ for those with diabetes and elderly | increased |
| renal threshold is __ in those with an infection or are pregnant | decreased |
| CSF glucose range | 40-60 mg/dl |
| hypoglycemia | <40 |
| exogenous has c-peptide? | no |
| insulinoma: c-peptide? | yes |
| normal fasting glucose | 70-110 mg/dL |
| DM- 2 hr post prandial value | >200 |
| cloudy serum because of | VLDL |
| fat soluble vitamins | ADEK |
| pancreatic insufficiency from malabsorption: use what test? | D-xylose |
| D-xylose test: malabsorption value | <25 |
| __ elevated in Zollinger-Ellison | gastrin |
| low LDL | hypobetalipoproteinmia |
| absence of LDL, can't absorb fat or fat-soluble vitamins, acanthocytes | abetalipoproteinemia |
| lowered HDL, secondary | hypoalphalipoprotein |
| absence of HDL. nerve damage, increased risk of athleroschlerossi | Tangier's disease |
| lipid + apo(lipo)protein = | lipoprotein |
| chylomicrons do what? | transport exogenous triglycerides |
| VLDL does what? | transport endogenous triglycerides |
| LDL does what? | transports cholesterol to tissues |
| HDL does what? | removes cholesterol from tissues |
| major constituent of HDL | ApoA |
| ApoB 100 associated with | LDL/ VLDL |
| Apo B 48 associated with | chylomicrons |
| Apo C associated with | VLDL, HDL |
| Apo D associated with | HDL |
| Apo E is crucial for | regulation of lipids in plasma |
| HDL and cholesterol measured using __ method | precipitation |
| LDL calculation: | total cholesterol - HDL - (trig/5) |
| LDL:HDL ratio | 3:1 |
| LDL should be < | 100 |
| measure triglycerides using __ method | enzyme (lipase, glycerol kinase, HRP) |
| Measure __ when testing for triglycerides | glycerol |
| total cholesterol method interferences: | reducing substances lower, bilirubin increases |
| elevated chylomicrons, low lipoprotein lipase and Apo C2. migrates at origin, see pancreatitis, | Type 1 |
| increased LDL, cholesterol >800, no LDL receptors, homozygous, migrates to beta, increased risk of CAD. looks clear/orange | Type 2a |
| increased LDL, VLDL, no LDL receptors, migrates to pre-B and B, heterozygous. looks clear, slightly turbid | Type 2b |
| IDL increased, no apo E 2, migrates to b and pre b | Type 3 |
| increased VLDL, no chylomicrons, triglycerides increased, migrates to pre b, turbid | Type 4 |
| increased VLDL and chylomicrons, migrate to pre b and origin, see pancreatitis. creamy top layer & turbid | Type 5 |
| slightly elevated cholesterol, clear, migrate to alpha | HDL |
| DM1: fasting glucose | >126 |
| whole blood glucose is __ lower than serum glucose | 10% |
| best method for glycosylated Hb | affinity gel chromatography |
| glycogen formation | glycogenesis |
| glycogen breakdown | glycogenolysis |
| glucose breakdown | glycolysis |
| glucose production from non-carbohydrates | gluconeogenesis |
| carbs + salivary amylase --> | dextrins, maltose |
| __ stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis | glucagon |
| somatostatin inhibits secretion of __ and __ | insulin and glucagon |
| __ stimulates glycogenolysis and lipolysis, and stimulates pancreas to produce glucagon and inhibit insulin | epinephrine |
| cortisol stimulates | gluconeogenesis |
| growth hormone stimulates | glycogenolysis |
| ACTH stimulates | cortisol secretion |
| most tissues don't need direct glucose, but __ does | muscle |
| __ hypoglycemia shows neuroglycopenic symptoms | functional |
| __ hypoglycemia shows adrenergic symptoms | reactive |
| glucose + O2 + H20 --> gluconic acid + H2O2 / H2O2 + reduced chromogen --> chromogen + H2O method: | glucose oxidase- trinder |
| glucose + ATP + hexokinase + Mg2+ --> G6PO4 + ADP / G6PO4 + ADP + G6PD -> 6 Pgluconage + NADPH + H+ method: | hexokinase |
| hexokinase measure | NADPH |
| glucose oxidase- Trinder measure | absorbance due to chromogen oxidation |
| caused by deficiency in ADH | diabetes insipidus |
| gastrin stimulates parietal cells to secrete __ and chief cells to secrete __ | HCl, pepsinogen |
| pepsinogen converted to __ by HCl | pepsin |
| pepsin breaks down | proteins |
| G cells secrete | gastrin |
| trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase from | pancreas |
| aminopeptidases from | intestine |
| CCK stimulates | gallbladder contraction |
| CCK works in duodenum & jejunum NOT | ileum |
| stimulates pancreatic flow into duodenum, helps CCK, inhibits gastric acid secretions, modulates pancreatic bicarb secretion | secretin |
| GIP increases | insulin |
| helps relax smooth muscle and stimulate bile flow | VIP |
| __ inhibits endocrine/ gastro secretion | somatostatin |
| secretin and GIP __ digestion | inhibit |
| __ controls gastrin | stomatostatin |
| F-cells secrete | polypeptide |
| pancreatic polypeptide is mostly | inhibitory |
| D-xylose decreased in urine means | malabsorption |
| seratonin related to __ (malabsorption) | carcinoid |
| bile acid breath test 12C2 for | bacteria overgrowth in intestine |
| bile acid breath test uses | radioimmunoassay |
| total cholesterol- measure __ | HRP |
| triglyceride measurements use either __ or __ measurements | NADH, dye |
| main pathways for breakdown of glucose: | Ebden-Meyerhof, hexose monophosphate |
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