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lingua franca A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages pidgin an artificial language used for trade between speakers of different languages creolization refers to the process in which a pidgin becomes the native language for a given group creole a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages toponymy the branch of lexicology that studies the place names of a region or a language monolingual states countries in which only one language is spoken multilingual states a state that uses many languages official language The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents toponymy the branch of lexicology that studies the place names of a region or a language