Art 258 Test 1

Terms	Definitions
Woman holding a bison horn (France, ca. 25,000-20,000 BCE)	a. early art is concerned with survival, horn indicates possible religion b. dashes on horn may be symbolism for calendar c. relief sculpture
Hall of the Bulls (ca. 15,000-13,000 BCE)	a. not in a 'lived in' area, deep underground difficult to get to b. paintings above human reach, again symbolism at a hunt (?) c. made with ground minerals
Catal Hoyuk (restored view) (ca. 6000- 5900 BCE)	a. largest Neolithic city b. made of mud brick c. had control of obsidian trade d. filled with shrines of bulls
megalithic	a. refers to the use of large stones as an artistic medium b.generally used to describe art carved onto megaliths (large stones) in prehistoric Europe
relief	a sculpture where to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background
post and lintel	is a simple construction method using a lintel, header, or architrave as the horizontal member over a building void supported at its ends by two vertical columns, pillars, or posts.
Ziggurat (Ur, ca. 2100 BCE)	a. in the center of a major city b. ziggurat relates to the word mountaintop = trying to replicate a mountaintop c. built mostly with sun dried bricks but used fired bricks to make protective outer layer b. built high to allow rulers/priests to get in touch with gods
Statues of Gudea (ca. 2100 BCE)	a. Gudea= very powerful ruler of at least 3 cities b. stone was transported 100s of miles from the found location (indication of power/wealth) c. pictured writing a blue print which the gods had spoken to him
Fragment, Victory Stele of Eannatum (Stele of the Vultures)	a. a stealy= carved upright stone sculpture b. the stone was to show Eannatum's victory over invaders and was placed at the border to dismay further attacks
Stele with law code of Hammurabi (ca.1780 BCE)	a. combined the law code of various regions into 1, pictured as coming from divine inspiration b. in this code there are 3 different punishments for every crime depending on class c. at top the sun god is pictured with a crown made of bulls horns
cuneiform	one of the earliest known forms of written expression. Emerging in Sumer around the 30th century BC, this style of writing began as a system of pictographs
register	seen in egyptian art, these separate a visual story on a wall or statue, allows the artist to show multiple scenes in 1 artwork.
composite view	showing each form at its most characteristic view. seen in Egyptian/prehistoric art.
hierarchic scale	sed in ancient art where important figures (kings) are pictured larger than unimportant characters (slaves)
Palette of King Narmer (Hierakonpolis, ca. 3000- 2920 BCE)	a. palette= tool to grind eye paint b. thought to be a gift to the goddess Hathor c. Narmer is identified with one of the earliest records of hieroglyphics d. shows in its registers the first unification of egypt and the claim of egyptian kings to be divine
Seated Scribe (Saqqara, ca. 2450-2350)	a. made of limestone, painted and pictured realistically b. pictured as writing b/c it was a symbol of status they wanted to carry with them to afterlife
Reliefs in the mastaba of Ti	a. Ti watching a hippopodamus hunt, Goats treading seed, and cattle fording a canal b. visible evidence that culture had transformed from literally suppling dead with food/water/activities to painting them on walls in 'magical art' so these activities could be continued in afterlife
Upper Egypt	The area of Egypt made up of the river shores
Lower Egypt	The area of Egypt which is the rich alluvial fan
hieroglyphs	the egyptian written language made up of pictures and symbols
Hathor	cow goddess with a sun disk, whom welcomes dead into afterlife, mother figure, horus's wife
Horus
Divine Kingship	kings as children of gods, leads to kings always being pictured as perfect forms
Pyramid of Khufu	a. oldest and largest of the pyramids
Pyramid of Khafre	b. second-oldest and second largest of the pyramids
Pyramid of Menkaure	c. newest and smallest of the pyramids
Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut (Deir el-Bahri, ca. 1473-1458)	a. woman king of egypt, transformed in her statues from originally female character to male king b. uses male appearance to give herself appropriate image of power- this temple filled with her statue c. built by Hatshepsut as show of power d. stepson and 'co-ruler' ordered it desecrated after her death
Temple of Amen-Ra (Karnak, begun 15th c.)	a. built as a setting for processions where Amen-Ra would travel out to visit other gods b. hypostyle, clerestory hall which mimics papyrus and the gods legendary original home
Akhenaton (Karnak, ca. 1353-1335)	a. statue of a very strange shaped king, more homozygous than hetero b. was a monotheist and tried to start religious revolution in egypt c. worshiped Aten as single Sun god
Akhenaton, Nefertiti and three daughters (Amarna, ca. 1353-35)	a. image of family all worshiping Aten with strange body types b. done in first example of shrunken relief c. first time you can tell between left and right feet d. makes this image to show breaking away from tradition
Coffin and Death Mask of Tutankhamen (ca. 1323)	a. this coffin has about 500lbs of gold inlaid stone: turquoise, lap as lazardie, carnelian
Throne of Tutankhamen	a. on the throne pictured like acknatan, not the formal picture royalty had been before
Painted chest from tomb of Tutankhamen (ca. 1333-23)	...
Last Judgment of Hu-Nefer (ca. 1290-1280 )	a. a guidebook for the dead to reach their last judgement b. pages about 18 inch high c. the book contained prayers and instruction on how to reach the afterlife
Valley of the Kings	Area of the pyramids (where the Kings are buried)
hypostyle hall	this type of architecture refers to a hall of many columns
clerestory	a. are any high windows above eye level b. used in the temple of Amen-Ra
Aten	The single 'sun god' religion which Akhenaton tried to found in egypt
sunken relief	An art technique in Ancient egypt used durning Akhenatons reign which required less time so the art could be produced faster and bring the message of Aten to more people quickly. Carving into stone to produce images rather than around it.
ankh	a. 'key of life' b. ancient egyptian hieroglyphic character
Osiris	a. King of the Underworld in egyptian legend, pictured as a green mummy (green is color of rebirth)
Palace at Knossos (Crete, ca. 1700-1400 BCE)	a. reconstructed elaborate floor plan with open courtyards where religious ceremony took place b. filled with bulls/bull imagery c. maze-like layout possibly responsible for the legend of the minotaur in the labyrinth the greeks invented
Bull-leaping fresco (ca. 1450-1400 )	a. skin color as a way of distinguishing gender. females=white, males=red b. a picture of some kind of religious ritual c. first fresco on record
Snake Goddess (ca. 1600)	a. goddess or high priestess, heavily associated with forces of nature b. ceramic with ground quartz c. snakes are positive in ancient culture as they protect farmers grain from pests
Landscape with swallows (Thera, ca. 1650)	(Spring fresco) a. first landscape on record b. bright colors, strangely painted c. in a modest home, not royal/extreme wealth
Octopus Jar (ca. 1500)	a. very finely crafted as Minoans used wheel to throw ceramics b. accurate representation of nature/ octopus, again shows high value Minoan people placed on nature
King Minos	A figure in greek legend, there is no indication this person existed as all of Minoan art centers around nature
the Minotaur in the labyrinth	this legend was possibly spawned by the maze like structure of the Palace at Knossos and the religious rites that took place there
fresco	Painting directly onto wet plaster on a wall so that the paint has longevity and bonds with the wall
Amen-Ra	a. self created god whom was king of all gods b. kings of egypt where thought to be his sons
Citadel of Tiryns,	a. placed up on a hill in a defensible location, with walls up to 20 ft thick b. society organized around warfare
a. placed up on a hill in a defensible location, with walls up to 20 ft thick b. society organized around warfare	a. placed up on a hill in a defensible location, with walls up to 20 ft thick b. society organized around warfare
a. placed up on a hill in a defensible location, with walls up to 20 ft thick b. society organized around warfare	a. placed up on a hill in a defensible location, with walls up to 20 ft thick b. society organized around warfare
a. placed up on a hill in a defensible location, with walls up to 20 ft thick b. society organized around warfare	a. 9in long bronze blade with hunt scene, buried with a warrior b. most likely just had ceremonial uses, unlikely was used in battle
a. 9in long bronze blade with hunt scene, buried with a warrior b. most likely just had ceremonial uses, unlikely was used in battle	a. 9in long bronze blade with hunt scene, buried with a warrior b. most likely just had ceremonial uses, unlikely was used in battle
Homer	ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)
The Iliad and the Odyssey	the epic poems by Homer about the "dark age" heroes of Greece who fought at Troy. the poems were written down in the eihth century B.C.E. after centuries of being sung by bards.
Athena Parthenos	statue of Athena that was destroyed before the 19th century made of ivory wear a lot of clothing believed to be made out of gold, and sewn by aristocratic women Very strong looking/not feminine
Perikles	Leader in Athens during its Golden Age, patron of the arts encouraging public images of peace, prosperity, and power. Convinced the people to rebuild the Acropolis to honor Athena. b. bust looks almost godlike, maybe artists where making men better looking than actually where
Panathenaic Festival procession frieze	frieze that depicts athens most important festival, athletics and music contests
Parthenon	the main temple of the goddess Athena, where the friezes are the contest of Athena and Poseidon for athens, and the birth of athena
contrapposto	Human posture in which the shoulders and head are turned one way and the hips and legs another; weight off the body is put on one foot, creating a feeling of tension on one side of the body and relaxation on the other
lost wax method	a bronze-casting method in which a figure is modeled in wax and covered with clay; the whole is fired, melting away the wax and hardening the clay, which then becomes a mold for molten metal
metopes with labors of Herakles	a. the metopes of the Temple of Zeus at olympia depict the founder of the olympic games b. herakles holds up the sky in place of atlas c. all figures have a severe demeanor characteristic of the period "severe style"
Chariot Race of Pelops and Oenomaos	a scene pictured on the east pediment of the temple of Zeus at Olympia where the sculpture told the story of how Pelops cheated his way into winning a race against Oenomaos in order to marry Oenomaos's daughter
East Pediment, Temple of Zeus at Olympia	a. built by Libon of Elis b. a scene where the gods are watching the chariot race of pelops and oenomaos c. the seer is the outlier in this sculpture his face is shocked (because he see's the future) and he is also old. A break from the archaic smile and the young perfection which had been sculpted until then
doryphoros (spear bearer) by Polykleitos	a. the artist's view of the perfect statue b. a seemingly relaxed figure using contrapposto
disco bolos (disk thrower) by Myron