| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Page | The term for a boy around the age of 7 that is just beginning to train for knighthood |
| Squire | The term for a 15 or 16 year old boy that is training to become a knight. He is now a personal servant to his lord |
| 21 | The age when a squire officially became a knight |
| Coat of Arms | A group of emblems and figures for identification purposes, this was usually placed on the knights armor |
| Heraldry | The study of the coats of arms |
| Joust | When two knights fought to unseat or unhorse each other |
| Tournaments | When two teams of knights fought a mock battle that lasted an entire day |
| Manors | Estates belonging to the nobles |
| Serfs | Farmers of the manors |
| 500 | By this date prosperity had vanished along with the Empire |
| Monasticism | Withdrawing from society and living in solitude is called... |
| Monks | Men that practice monasticism |
| Nuns | Women that practice monasticism |
| Alone | "Hermit" means... |
| Hermits | The term for the monks that sought to please God by torturing themselves |
| Celibacy | Monks vowed this... it meant that they would never marry |
| Monasteries | Religious communities isolated from the rest of society |
| Benedict | Most monks followed the rules of this man... he was the founder of a monastery in Italy |
| Friar | The term for the type of monk that preached and did missionary work outside of the monasteries |
| Eucharist | At mass, monks recieved this sacrament... (The Lord's Supper) |
| Transubstantiation | The belief that the elements of the Lord's Supper actually change what you are made of is called... |
| Saints | Deceased persons officially recognized by the church as holy |
| Indulgences | Certificates from the pope |
| Penance | Sacrament for sins that were made by roman catholics |
| Purgatory | The place catholics believe repentant sinners have to stay after death |
| The Latin Vulgate | This was almost the only version of the Bible available in the Middle Ages |
| Council of Toulouse | In 1229 this counsel forbade anyone except a church leader to posses a copy of the Bible |
| John Wycliffe | This man had the entire Bible translated into English for the first time |
| Lollards | Wycliffe's followers |
| Council of Constance | In 1415 this council condemned Wycliffe of over 200 crimes and ordered his writings burned |
| John Huss | This man shared many of Wycliffe's views and was burned at the stake |
| Hussites | John Huss's followers |
| 800 | The year that Charlemagne was crowned "Emperor of the Romans" |
| 1229 | The year in which the Council of Toulouse forbids laymen to own a bible |
| 1415 | The year in which the Council of Constance condemns Huss to death |
| The Creed | When Muslims would declare their belief in Allah |
| Prayer | Muslims had this 5 times a day |
| Pilgrimage | The journey muslims would take from Mecca to Medina and kiss the Kaaba Stone |
| Saracens | Muslim warriors of Islam |
| Crux | Crusade comes from this word which means cross |
| Peasants' Crusade | The name of the crusade in which the people went just because the pope told them to |
| First | In which crusade did the people kill men, women, and children at Jerusalem |
| Second | This crusade took place in 1147 after the fall of Edessa in 1144, it stopped at demascus |
| Frederick Barbarosa | This man was a 70 year old legend and died from falling off of his horse in a river |
| Stephen of Cloyes | This 12 year old boy claimed to of had visions and led the Children's Crusade |
| Frederick II | This man led the 6th Crusade and spoke 6 different languages. He took cities just by negotiation, never used his sword |
| Free | Frank means... |
| Battle of Tolbiac | After this battle in 498 Clovis converted to christianity |
| Merovingian | This group of kings started by Clovis was known as "The do nothing kings" |
| Carolingian | This line of kings was established by Pepin |
| Charlemagne | Pepin's son |
| Heretics | Baptized members of the Roman church who disagreed with any official church opinion |
| The Inquisition | A special church court with power to inquire about and judge matters of heresy |
| Augustine | This man discovered that his salvation through Christ stimulated him to think and find answers as never before |
| The Confessions | Augustine's book of prayers, praises, and meditation addressed entirely to God |
| The City of God | Augustine presented a Christian philosophy of history in this writing of his |
| Aristotle | The Romans began calling this Greek philosopher, "The Philosopher" |
| Schoolmen | Teachers and pupils from schools became known by this term |
| Scholasticism | This approach to learning tried to combine Greek philosophy and Romanism |
| William of Ockham | This philosopher used logic to discredit the doctrine of the pope's absolute supremacy |
| Thomas Aquinas | This man combined Aristotle and Romanism most successfully and was known as the "Dumb Ox" because he spoke so slowly |
| Dante | This man summed up the literature of the Middle Ages |
| Divine Comedy | Dante wrote this piece of medieval literature that is still widely read |
| Chaucer | This man wrote "The Canterbury Tales," one of the first great works of literature in the English language |
| Duke | The term for a powerful noble that ruled a small territory of Germany |
| Henry the Fowler | This duke set up the Saxon line of kings |
| Otto | Henry the Fowler's son that invaded Italy in 962 |
| The Holy Roman Empire | This was born when the pope crowned Otto "Emperor of the Romans" |
| Cardinals | The priests of the churches in Rome or bishops of churches close to Rome |
| Nicholas II | This pope decreed that popes would be chosen only by cardinals |
| Gregory VII | This pope, also known as Hildebrand, wanted popes to be more powerful than emperors |
| Voltaire | This philosopher ridiculed the Roman empire as "neither Holy, Roman, nor an Empire" |
| Black Death | This plague swept across Europe killing from one third to one half the population |
| Great Jubilee | In 1450 the popes declared this to celebrate their triumph over the councils |
| Giovanni de Medici | A 14th-century merchant and banker that excelled in business |
| Renaissance | This term means "rebirth" |
| Humanities | The term for subjects such as history, grammar, rhetoric, and poetry |
| Humanism | This term was first used to describe an intense interest in the subjects of the humanities but later became an expression of human pride and vanity |
| Renaissance Man | One who displays his talents in all fields |
| Patrons | People who use their own money to support the arts |
| Leonardo Da Vinci | This left handed painter, sculptor, and inventor, is best remembered for his "Mona Lisa" |
| Raphael | This painter is known for his brilliant use of color |
| Michelangelo | This man painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and may have been the greatest artist of the Renaissance |
| The Prince | The only book of lasting importance produced by the Italian Renaissance |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Who wrote "The Prince" |
| 717 | The date when the Muslims penetrate all the way to the gates of the Byzantine Empire |
| Icons | The internal threat to the Byzantine Empire was... |
| Invaders | The external threat to the Byzantine Empire was... |
| Iconoclastic | This term was used for the destruction of icons |
| Basil I | This man fought against the muslims |
| Basil II | This man fought against the Bolgars and was called "Bolgaroptocis" |
| Urban II | This pope called for the crusades |
| 1453 | The date of the fall of the Byzantine Empire |
| 575 | The date when Mohammed was born in Mecca |
| Submission | Islam means... |
| Ramadon | The month of fasting for muslims |
| 1096 | Date of the first official crusade |
| Clovis | The first leader of the Franks |
| Demesne | Fields belonging to the lords that the serfs worked in |
| Sacrament of Confirmation | The sacrament when hands were laid upon you and you would then receive the Holy Spirit |
| Last Rights | The last annointing; to prepare one for eternity |
| Salerno | The first university |
| Patronage | The term for when people would pay for art through patrons |
| Giotto | This man painted "Descent from the Cross," he returns art to the normal style |
| Ghiberti | This man painted and sculpted the Bronze Doors |
| Verrochio | Leonardo Da Vinci was my student... |
| Raphael | This man painted "School of Athens" |
| Michelangelo | This man painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling and sculpted David, Moses, etc... |
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