| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Siddhartha Guatama | Who founded Buddhism? |
| Greco - roman, Near eastern, and Hebraic. | What are the three different cultural traditions from which christianity emerges? |
| Roman religion | Blend of native and borrowed traditions |
| Pagan rituals | What marked the seasonal change of the Roman culture? |
| Augury | The interpretation of omens (a practice borrowed from the etruscans) |
| Prediction | What was augury a means for? |
| Vesta | The Roman god that guarded the hearth fire |
| Mars | The roman god of war |
| Religious tolerance | What contributed to the lack of religious uniformity in the Empire? |
| Stoicism and neoplatonism | What were the most influential hellenistic phillosophies? |
| Stoicism | An ethical view of life with emphasis on equality among human beings; Offered an idealized alternative to social order |
| Neoplatonism | School of philosophy developed in Alexandria that took as its inspiration some of the principal ideas in the writings of plato and his followers. |
| Social, political, and economic unrest | What fed a rising distrust of reasoning and growing impulse toward mysticism in the Roman republic? |
| Promise of personal immortality | What was the central feature of the "mystery cults"? |
| Ritual babtism, communal meal, etc | How did the "mystery cults" perpetuate the practices of symbolism |
| The cult of Isis | What cult originated in an Egyptian myth? |
| Isis | Who was the earth mother and queen of heaven who ensured salvation? |
| Formal processes, a ritual meal, purification, 10 day fasting. | What did initiation into cults include? |
| Persia | Where did the most popular mystery cult originate? |
| Zoroastrianism | What is one of the oldest religious philosophies of the ancient world? |
| Mithraism | What religion do a lot of people speculate Christianity imitated? |
| Judaism | What is the oldest living religion in the western world? |
| Ethical bias | How did judaism differ from other religions? |
| Ethical bias | Emphasis on a special relationship between God and the chosen people, jews themselves. |
| Babylonian captivity | The 60 years of exile. |
| 586 - 539 BC | What time period was the babylonian captivity? |
| Septuagint | Greek translation of hebrew scriptures. |
| Septuagint | What was the first known translation of a sacred book into another language? |
| Imperial taxes and loyalty to Rome | What were among the traditional demands of the conquerors? |
| Provinicial syria palaestina | What did the Romans rename Judea? |
| 1948 | When the independent state of israel came into being |
| Rabbi | A jewish teacher |
| Thirty six | How many books constitute the canonic Hebrew bible |
| Messiah | The "annointed one" |
| The sadducees | A learned sect of jewish aristocrats who advocated cultural and religious solidarity among the jews. |
| The sadducees | Who envisioned the messiah as a temporal leader who would consolidate jewish ideals and lead the jews to political freedom? |
| The pharisees | MOre influential group of jewish teachers and principal interpreters of Hebrew law. |
| The pharisees | Who believed in the advent of a messianic redeemer who, like a shephered looking after his flock, would lead the riteous into salvation? |
| Human soul | What was imperishable? |
| The Essenes | Religious sect whos members lived in monastic communities near the dead sea. |
| Ascetisism | Strict self denial and self discipline |
| The dead sea scrolls | Found in the 1840s in caves near Essene ruins at Qumran |
| The dead sea scrolls | What includes some of the oldest extant fragments of the hebrew bible? |
| Christian gospels | The most important sources of information concerning Jesus |
| Matthew, Mark, Luke and John | The authors of the gospels |
| The gospels | Describe the life and miracles of an eloquent and inspiring teacher |
| evil Material wealth | What represented a radically new direction in ancient culture? |
| The essenes, neoplatonists, and stoics | Fundamentally material and secular groups |
| The pharisees and Sadducees | Who opposed Jesus and accused him of violating Jewish law? |
| The romans | Who condemned Jesus as a subversive and threat to imperial stability |
| Pontius Pilate | The Roman governor who put Jesus to death |
| Paul | Believed to have written ten to fourteen of the twenty seven books of the christian scriptures called by Christians the "new testament" |
| The old testament | The Hebrew bible |
| Paul | Who universalized and systematically explained Jesus's message? |
| Paul | Apostle to the gentiles |
| Gentile | "non jew" |
| Moral renewal and redemption from sin | What set christianity apart form the mystery religions? |
| Christians | Who refused to accept the existence of Roman Gods? |
| The third century | Time of fatigue, plague, and war |
| Tortured, burned, beheaded, or thrown to beasts in ampitheatres | How were christians who refused to make sacrifices to Roman Gods punished? |
| Christian martyrs | Who astonished roman audiences by going to their deaths proclaiming their anticipation of the afterlife? |
| 313 CE | When did the public persecution of christians come to an end? |
| Th edict of milan | What proclaimed religious toleration in the west? |
| fourth century | When did Christianity become the official religion of the roman empire? |
| Sickness, old age, and death | What were the three truths of existence? |
| Siddhartha Guatama (buddha) | Who declared a life of self-denial is futile? |
| Bo (fig) tree | Where did Buddha sit that began he work of meditation that would bring him to enlightenment? |
| Enlightenment | The omniscient consciousness of reality |
| Nirvana | The ultimate release from illusion and from the wheel of rebirth |
| Dharma | "the wheel of the law" |
| The four noble truths | 1. Pain is universal. 2. Desire causes pain 3. Ceasing to desire relieves pain 4. Right conduct leads to release from pain |
| The eightfold path | Right views, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration. |
| Salvation | For buddhists, what lies in the extinction of the self? |
| Pitakas | The three main books of buddhism |
| Sutras | Instructional chapters of the pitakas |
| Asoka | Who made Buddhism the state religion of India? |
| Hinayana Buddhism | Emphasized the personal pursuit of nirvana; its followers consider that ind doing so they remain close to the teachings of buddha and his emphasis on self - destiny. |
| Mahayana Buddhism | Elevated the Buddha to the level of a divine being. |
| Bodhisattvas | "Buddhas to be" - beings who have reached enlightenment, but who out of compassion have held back from entering nirvana until every soul has been brough to enlightenment. |
| Bodhisattvas | Who are the heros of buddhism? |
| Avalokiteshvara | The most famous bodhisattva |
| Avalokiteshvara | "Goddess of mercy" (worshiped much in the way that catholics honor virgin mary) |
| Diocletian and Constantine | Who made valiant efforts to restructure the empire and reverse military and economic deline? |
| Diocletian | Who divided the empire into western and eastern halves of Rome? |
| Constantine | Who levied new taxes and made unsuccessful efforts to revive a money economy in Rome? |
| Constantinople | What did Byzantium become known as? |
| Slavic regions of Europe | Who converted to orthodox christians during the ninth and tenth centuries? |
| The Roman catholic church | Who replaced the Roman empire as the dominant authority in the west? |
| Dogma | Prescribed liturgy |
| Liturgy | The rituals for public worship |
| Canon law | The roman legal system |
| Rome | What was the administrative center of the new faith "christianity" |
| Petrine doctrine | Proclaimed that Roman pontiffs inherited their position as successors to Peter. |
| Roman catholic popes | The temporal representatives of christ |
| Ecumenical | Worldwide |
| Constantine | Who called the first council of churchmen that met in Nicaea? |
| Nicene Creed | Pledges commitment to a variety of miraculous phenomena, including virgin birth, the ressurection of the dead, etc |
| Monastics | Christians who pursued sanctity in the deserts of Egypt. |
| Fasting, poverty, and celebecy | The essential featers of the ascetic lifestyle instituted by the Greek bishop, saint Basil. |
| Benedictine | Required that its members take vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience to the governing abbot. |
| Abbot | Father of the monastic community |
| Divine office | Circle of prayers that marked eight devotional intervals in the 24 hour period. |
| ora et labora | "prayer and work" |
| Women | "inherently sinful and dangerous as objects of sexual temptation" |
| Secular clergy | Also known as preists |
| Regular clergy | Those who follow the rule of the monastic order |
| Monasteries | The last bastions of literacy |
| Benedictine monasteries | Who provided local education, managed hospitals, sponsored sacred music and art, and produced a continuous stream of missionaries? |
| Dionysius Exiguus | Who was responsible for establishing the calender that is most widely used in the world to this day? |
| Jerome, Ambrose, Gregory, and augustine | THe most important figures who lived between the fourth and sixth centuries |
| Ambrose | Wrote some of the earliest christian hymns |
| Gregory | Who sent missionaries to convert England? |
| Augustine | Intellectual who came under the spell of both Paul and Plotinan neoplatonism. |
| Augustine | The greatest philosopher of christian antiquity |
| Augustine | Who rationalized evil as the perversion of the good created by god |
| Alpha and omega | Designate christs presence at the beginning and the end of time |
| Isis | What does the peacock represent in religious symbolism? |
| Trinity | The number three symbolizes what in christianity? |
| Evangelists | The number four symbolizes what in christianity? |
| Wounds of jesus | The number five symbolizes what in christianity? |
| the apostles | The number 12 symbolizes what in christianity? |
| Man | What four winged creature represented matthew? |
| Lion | What four winged creature represented mark? |
| Ox | What four winged creature represented luke? |
| Eagle | What four winged creature represented John? |
| Catacombs | Subterranean burial chambers outside the city of Rome. |
| Orans | Arms upraised in an attitude of prayer. |
| diptychs | Two - leaved hinged tablets or panelsa |
| Putti | Winged angelic beings |
| Legalization of christianity | What made the construction of monumental houses for public religious worship? |
| Ambulatory | Covered walkway |
| Narthex | A vestibule |
| Nave | The long central hall |
| Gallery | Decorated with mosaics or frescoes illuminated by light that entered the basilica through clerestory windows |
| Transept | Rectangular area toward the east end of a church, lying across the axis of the nave |
| apse | The semicircular space beyond the transept |
| The latin cross plan | Became the model for medieval churches in the west |
| benediction | "blessing" |
| Hagia sophia | What marks the golden age of byzantine art and architecture that took place under the leadership of the emperor justinian? |
| Justinian | Who sough to reunify the eastern and western portions of the old roman empire |
| Corpus jurus civilus | The collected civil law |
| The code, the digest, the institutes, and the novels | The four parts of collected civil law: |
| Justinian | Who directed his ambassadors to smuggle silkworm eggs out of china, initiating the silk industry? |
| Icons | "images" |
| Iconoclasts | Those who favored the destruction of "icons" |
| iconoclasm | What resulted in the wholesale destruction of images? |
| High mass | A series of latin chants known as either plainsong, plainchat, or gregorian chant |
| syllabic | One note for every syllable |
| Melismatic | With many notes to one syllable |
| neumes | Marks entered above the words of text to indicate the rise and fall of the voice. |
| Folklore and legend | What embellished the buddhists identity? |
| Buddhist monk | The model of religious life in buddhism |
| Mantras | Sacred word and sound formulas |
| Chanting, reciting, meditation, and confession | Religious "services" in buddhism consist of: |
| Stupas | Burial mounds the of the cremated remains of Buddha |
| 60,000 shrines | How many shrines did Asoka divide Buddha's ashes among |
| Mandala | A diagrammatic map of the universe used as a visual aid to meditation |
| chatras | Umbrellalike shapes that signify the sacred bo tree under which Buddha reached nirvana |
| Chaitya halls | Sanctuaries for individual contemplation |
| A fig tree, his footprints, elephants, and the wheel | Symbols of buddha |
| Toranas | Stone gateways |
| Buddhism | What religion celebrates female sexuality? |
| Mudra | Symbolic gestures |
| Pagoda | Multitiered tower with many roofs |
| Zither | A five or seven stringed instrument that is generally plucked with a plectrum and the fingertips. |
| Saint benedict | Who established christian monasticism |
| Augustine, Jerome, Ambrose, and Gregory | Who helped to formulate a uniform christian doctrine and distinctive liturgy? |
| Islam | The worlds' youngest major religion |
| Islam | The unifying force in the rise of the first global civilization since the fall of Rome |
| Muslim expansion | Played a key role in defining the geographic borders of Western Europe |
| One billion people | How many people practice islam today? |
| 6 million | How many muslims live in the US today? |
| Bedouins | Nomadic arabs that lived in the desert peninsula of arabia. |
| Kaaba | A sanctuary located in the city of mecca |
| The birth of muhammad | What united arabs who were polytheistic and disunified? |
| Gabriel | Who commanded Muhammad to proclaim his role as prophet for Allah? |
| Hijra | Migration- the journey muhammed took to Medina |
| 8 years | How long did it take Muhammed to convert Medina? |
| The black stone | Muhammed conquered mecca and destroyed the idols in the kaaba with the exception of what? |
| The five pillars | 1. Confession of faith. 2. recitation of prayers five times daily. 3. charitable contributions 4. Fasting during the month of ramadann 5. The hajj |
| The hajj | Religious pilgrimage to the holy city of mecca and the kaaba |
| Abraham | Who buil the kaaba? |
| Quran | The holy book of islam |
| 114 chapters | How many chapters are in the quran? |
| Polygamy | Marriage to several women at one time |
| Jihad | Aggressive religious struggle. (holy war) |
| Infidel | Non believer of islam |
| Islam | What religion remained free from dogma and liturgy? |
| Hadith | A compilation of muhammads sayings and deeds compiled after his death |
| Sharia | Path to follow |
| Imama | Prayer leaders |
| Mullahs | Scholars trained in muslem law |
| they were taxed. | What happened to non muslims living in muslim territories? |
| shiites | Live in present day iran and iraq. Claim descent through Muhammads cousin and son-in law Ali. Believe the only Muhammads direct discendents should rule |
| Sunni | Consider themself the orthodox of islam. |
| caliphs | Theocratic successors to muhammad |
| Damascus | What served as the political center of the muslim world between 661 and 750? |
| House of wisdom | Where scholars prepared arabic translations of greek, persian, syriad, and sanskrit manuscripts. |
| Canon of medicine | Systematic repository of medical knowledge in use well into the sixteenth century |
| illuminated manuscript | Fluid calligraphic strokes that provide the sole decoration. |
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