All Vocab for Edwards Biology Midterm
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ezoffer on November 5, 2009
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146 terms
Sundanese | English |
|---|---|
| Cell Membrane |  1, a porous phospholipid bi-layer, the outer layer of a cell |
| Nucleus | 2, 'directs' all cell activity, found in the center of the cell |
| Nuclear Membrane | 3, the double layer surrounding the nucleus |
| DNA (Chromatin) | 4, carries genetic information |
| Nucleolus | 5, ribosome production, RNA |
| Cytoplasm | 6, the fluid inside the cell that fills the space |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | 7, two types: smooth-processes lipids (fatty acids) for energy, rough-processes proteins, possesses ribosomes |
| Ribosomes | 8, small sphere made of RNA and protein, a site for protein production |
| Golgi Body | 9, collects, packages and distributes protein |
| Vesicles | 10, small protein beating 'sacs', formed as a pinched off piece of a Golgi Body |
| Mitochondria | 11, 'power house' of the cell, glucose is broken down from cellular respiration, changes chemical energy to mechanical energy |
| Chloroplast | 12, only found in plant cells, where photosynthesis takes place, creates glucose |
| Lysosome | 13, the organelle that has the ability to break down the entire cell if part of it dies |
| Peroxisome | 14, only found in animal cells, contains chemical reactions that are harmful to the cell, recycles H2O2 |
| Microfilaments | 15, filaments in the cytoskeleton made of protein |
| Microtubule | 16, part of the cytoskeleton, bigger than microfilaments, that helps guide certain nutrients |
| Centriole | 17, only found in animal cells, aid in the process of nuclear division (mitosis) |
| Vacuoles | 18, storage for food waste, or H2O in a cell, animal cells have many smaller ones, plant has one huge central _________ |
| Cell Wall | 19, only found in plant cells, an extra layer surrounding the cell that provides structure |
| Prokaryote | A cell lacking a true nucleus (bacterial cells) |
| Eukaryote | A cell with a true nucleus (animal and plant cells) |
| Photosynthesis | The process of producing chemical energy from light energy within the body of the cell. This chemical energy is 'food' in the form of the sugar called glucose. |
| Cellular Respiration | The process of converting chemical energy to usable mechanical energy at the cellular level. |
| Cell Theory | 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms 3. All cells come from preexisting cells |
| Gamate | A sex cell (sperm, eggs) |
| Somatic Cell | Body cells (liver, nerve) |
| Cell Cycle | A series of events taking place in a cell from one division to the next- consists of interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis |
| Interphase | The first phase of the cell cycle- the phase of cell growth and development, the 'resting' phase, the longest phase of the cell cycle, consists of G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase |
| G1 Phase | First Gap Phase- a period of rapid cell growth, metabolism, and repair, the longest of the three interphase 'stages', comparable to infancy and toddler years in humans |
| S Phase | Synthesis Phase- a period of DNA synthesis whithing the nucleus (DNA is replicating itself and doubling), the cell continues its normal functioning of protein production and metabolism |
| G2 Phase | Second Gap Phase- a time in which the cell prepares for division, new organelles are produced, amounts of cytoplasm are increased, etc., normal cell functioning continues |
| Mitosis | The division of the nucleus of the cell- cannot begin until the S Phase and G2 Phase of interphase have been completed, consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| Prophase | First phase of mitosis- chromosomes condense and become visible as sister chromatids, nucleolus is broken down, the nuclear membrane is broken down, the centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell, spindle fibers stretch across cell |
| Metaphase | Second phase of mitosis- sister chromatids line up along the cell "equator", spindle fibers hold them there, and the centromeres hold together the sister chromatids |
| Anaphase | Third phase of mitosis- sister chromatids separate into chromosomes and move to opposite poles of the cell, spindle fibers pull to opposite poles of the cell, and centromeres are attached to spindle fibers along the "equator" |
| Telophase | Fourth phase of mitosis- chromosomes uncoil into chromatin, a nucleolus and a nucleus form in each pole of the cell, centrioles remain at opposite poles of the cell, the spindle fibers withdraw to the centrioles, and the centromeres break down |
| Cytokinesis | Cell division, the division of the cytoplasm- the cytoplasm pinches in along the cell's 'equator', when the cell membranes meet, they will fuse together, the two new daughter cells will then split apart, each daughter cell will have identical genetic information to the parent cell |
| Spindle Fiber | One of the microtubles that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell |
| Centromere | The cell structure that holds together a sister chromatid by binding it in the middle of the X shape |
| Chromatin | The long, thin, uncoiled strands of DNA found in euryarotic cell nuclei |
| Chromosome | Coiled threads of genetic material formed from chromatin as a cell prepares to divide |
| Chromatid | One of the halves of the X shaped sister chromatids |
| Cell Plate | A rigid plate formed during plant mitosis that eventually becomes the cell wall- the vesicle membranes fuse to form the cell membranes of the daughter cells, the sugar proteins form a rigid cell plate later forming two distinct cell walls of adjoining daughter cells |
| Homo, Homeo | Same |
| Hetero | Different |
| Hyper | More than |
| Iso | Same, equal to |
| Hypo | Less than |
| Super, Supra | Over, above |
| Ultra | Beyond |
| Sub | Below, under |
| Infra | Below |
| Macro | Large |
| Micro | Small |
| Oligo | Few |
| Poly | Many |
| Pan | All |
| A | Not, without |
| Dis, Dys | Bad |
| Anti | Against |
| Isotonic | The concentration of solute outside the cell is equal to the concentration of solute in the cell |
| Iso-osmotic | The concentration of solvent (water) outside the cell is equal to the concentration of solvent (water) in the cell |
| Hypotonic | The concentration of solute outside the cell is less than the concentration of solute in the cell |
| Hyperosmotic | The concentration of solvent (water) outside the cell is higher than the concentration of solvent (water) in the cell |
| Hypertonic | The concentration of solute outside of the cell is higher than the concentration of solute in the cell |
| Hypo-osmotic | The concentration of solvent (water) in the solution is less than the concentration of solvent (water) in the cell |
| Flagella | Long, whip-like microtubular projections in some unicellular organisms used for locomotion of the cell |
| Cilia | Short hair-like flagella of some unicellular organisms used to move materials into or along a cell, and for locomotion |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of microfilaments that: anchor organelles, support cell shape and structure, and aid in cell movement |
| Biology | The study of life |
| Organism | Anything that possesses all the characteristics of life |
| Unicellular | Having or consisting of a single cell, a single-cell organism |
| Multicellular | Consisting of many cells, an organism made up of multiple cells |
| Reproduction | The production of offspring |
| Growth | Results in an increase in the amount of living material and the formation of new structures |
| Development | All of the changes that take place during the life of an organism |
| Environment | Surroundings, including the air, water, weather, temperature, any other organisms in the area, and many other factors |
| Stimulus | Anything in an organism's external or internal environment that causes the organism to react |
| Response | A reaction to a stimulus |
| Homeostasis | Regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for its survival |
| Energy | The ability to cause change |
| Adaptation | Any inherited structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce offspring |
| Evolution | The gradual change in a species through adaptations over time |
| Bio | Life |
| Eco | Home |
| Zoo | Animal |
| Cyto | Cell |
| Auto | Self |
| Rhizo | Root |
| Avi | Bird |
| Soma | Body |
| Carn | Flesh |
| Derm | Skin |
| Pod, Ped | Feet |
| Hem | Blood |
| Hist | Tissue |
| Psych | Mind |
| Path | Feeling, disease |
| Sapro | Dead |
| Terra | Land |
| Geo | Earth |
| Aero | Air |
| Hydro, Aqua | Water |
| Chemo | Chemical |
| Pyro | Fire |
| Photo | Light |
| Chromo | Color |
| Therm | Temperature |
| Scientific Method | Steps that scientists use to gather information and answer questions |
| Observation | The act of using the senses to gather information and collect data |
| Inference | The interpretation of an observation based upon evidence or prior knowledge |
| Hypothesis | An explanation for a problem that can be formally tested |
| Controlled Experiment | An experiment in which only one condition is changed at a time, used to test a hypothesis |
| Control | The standard against which results are compared |
| Independent Variable | The condition being tested in the experiment |
| Dependent Variable | The condition that results from the manipulation of the independent variable |
| Ecology | The study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment |
| Ecosystem | All of the interacting populations in a community and the abiotic factors of that community |
| Species | A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature |
| Population | A group of organisms, all of the same species, that interbreed and live in the same area at the same time |
| Community | All the interacting populations in a certain area at a certain time |
| Habitat | The place where an organism lives out its life |
| Niche | All the adaptations an organism uses in its habitat |
| Symbiosis | Living together (a symbiotic relationship is when there is a close and permanent relationship between organisms of different species |
| Mutualism | Both species benefit |
| Commensalism | One species benefits and the other isn't harmed or benefited |
| Parasitism | One species benefits while the other is harmed |
| Autotroph / Producer | Organisms that make their own food (plants) |
| Heterotroph / Consumer | Organisms that feeds on other organisms |
| Herbivore | Organisms that feed only on plants |
| Carnivore | Organisms that feed on other heterotrophs |
| Omnivore | Organisms that eat both animal and plant matter |
| Decomposer | Organisms that feed on dead and decaying plants and animals |
| Solution | A mixture of two or more substances |
| Solute | The dissolved substance in a solution |
| Solvent | A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances in a solution (ex: water) |
| Concentration Gradient | The difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance (ex: inside or outside of a cell) |
| Osmotic | Of or relating to the solvent (in our case, water) |
| Tonic | Of or relating to the solute |
| Active Transport | When materials require energy to move across the cell membrane |
| Passive Transport | The movement of particles across the cell membrane by diffusion, requires no energy |
| Diffusion | The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water through a cell membrane |
| Facilitated Diffusion | A type of passive transport where larger molecules enter the cell with the help of transport protein molecules imbedded in the cell membrane |
| Endocytosis | The process of pulling large substances into a cell |
| Exocytosis | The process of releasing wastes and other substances out of the cell |
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