Biology Exam #1
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jared_brewer on September 14, 2012
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Chapters 1-5 for Biology for Majors
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163 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 (What are the) seven characteristics of all living organisms? | composed of cells, complex and ordered, respond to their environment, grow develop and reproduce, obtain and use energy, maintain internal balance, allow for evolutionary adaption |
| Cellular Level | the first level in the hierarchy of living systems. Consists of atoms, molecules, and organelles |
| Organismal Level | the second level in the hierarchy of living systems |
| Populational Level | a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place |
| Ecosystem Level | the highest tier of biological organization. A biological community and the physical habitat that it lives in |
| (What are) emergent properties? | Properties that result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system |
| (What is) the nature of science? | to understand the natural world through observation and reasoning using both deductive and inductive reasoning. |
| (What is) deductive reasoning? | reasoning that moves from the general to the specific |
| (What is) inductive reasoning? | reasoning that goes from the specific to the general |
| (What are the steps to a) systematic approach? | 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis formation 3. Prediction 4. Experimentation 5. Conclusion |
| (What is a) hypothesis? | A proposed explanation for a phenomena or observation. |
| (What is) reductionism biology? | breaking down complex processes down into simpler parts |
| (What is) system biology? | focus on emergent properties that cannot be understood by looking at the simpler parts |
| (What is good about using) models (in science)? | give you a way to organize thoughts and show how things work and fit together |
| (What is a) scientific theory? | a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations |
| (Who is) Charles Darwin? | he is the father of evolution and wrote "On the Origin of Species" |
| (What is) comparative anatomy? | Comparing the anatomical similarities and differences between species. Reflects evolutionary change |
| Homologous | same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function |
| Analogous | structures of different origin but used for the same purpose |
| (What is) cell theory? | a) all organisms are composed of one or more cells b) the cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms c) all cells some from pre-existing cells. |
| (What are the) three domains? | Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya |
| (What is) matter? | anything that has mass and takes up space |
| (What are) atoms (and what are they made of)? | The most basic unit of matter consisting of electrons protons and neutrons |
| (What is an) atomic number? | the number of protons in an atom |
| (What is an) element? | An element is a basic chemical substance defined by its atomic number and atomic mass. |
| (What is the) difference between mass and weight? | mass is the amount of matter found in an object while weight is a measure of the force of gravity on the object. |
| (How do you compute an atom's) atomic mass? | atomic mass is the sum of the mass of an atoms protons and neutrons |
| (What is the) charge of an electron? | negative |
| (What is the) charge of a proton? | positive |
| (What is the) charge of a neutron? | neutral |
| (What are) isotopes ? | atoms of one element that have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei |
| (What is a) half-life? | The time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in a radioactive element to decay or break down. |
| (What are) cations? | positively charged ions |
| (What are) anions? | negatively charged ions |
| (What are) orbitals ? | shells or energy levels where electrons are found |
| How many electrons can an orbital contain? | 2 |
| (What are) energy levels? | The possible energies that electrons in an atom have |
| (What are ) redox reactions ? | transfer of one or more electrons from reactant to another |
| (What is) Oxidation ? | loss of electrons in a chemical reaction |
| (What is) reductions ? | gain of electrons in a chemical reaction |
| (What are) valence electrons ? | Electrons in an atom's outermost energy level |
| (What is) the octet rule? | atoms tend to form compounds so that each atom can have eight electrons in its valence shell |
| (What are the) four primary elements making up organic molecules? | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen |
| (What are) molecules ? | A group of atoms held together by energy in a stable association |
| (What are) compounds ? | A molecule that contains atoms of more then one element |
| (What are) ionic bonds ? | A force of attraction between oppositely charged atoms |
| (What are) covalent bonds ? | strong bonds formed when adjacent atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| (What is) electronegativity? | Electronegativity is a measure of the attraction an atom has for electrons in a chemical bond. |
| (What is the) difference between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds? | Polar bonds have an unequal sharing of electrons resulting in a slight negative charge at one end of the molecule and a slight positive charge at the other end. Nonpolar bonds have an equal sharing of electrons, resulting in a balanced charge among the atoms. |
| (What are) chemical reactions ? | the making or breaking of chemical bonds |
| (What are) reactants? | The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
| (What are) products? | The end result of a chemical reaction |
| (What is the molecular structure of) water? | Two hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen. |
| (What is) cohesion ? | the attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| (What is) adhesion? | An attraction between molecules of different substances. |
| (What are) buffers? | weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp sudden changes in pH |
| (What can influence the extent of a) chemical reaction? | temperature, concentration of reactants and products, catalysts |
| (What are the) six properties of water? | 1. high specific heat 2. high heat vaporization 3. solid water less dense then liquid 4. good solvent 5. organizes non polar molecules 6. can form ions |
| (What are) acid? | any substance that dissociates in water to increase the H and lower the pH |
| (What are) bases? | any substance that combines with H in water and lowers the H and increases pH |
| (What are) isomers? | molecules with the same molecular formulas, but different structural formulas |
| (What are) structural isomers? | Molecules with the same molecular formula but different physical structures. |
| (What are) stereoisomers? | have the same chemical formula but are mirror images of each other, isomers in which compounds have the same structural formula but the atoms are distributed differently in space |
| (What is a) chiral? | a molecule that has a mirror image of itself |
| (What are) macromolecules? | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| (What are) polymers? | long molecules built by linking together a large number of small similar chemical subunits called Monomers |
| (What are) monomers? | Repeating units that are linked over and over again to form Polymers |
| (What is) dehydration synthesis? | A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |
| (What is) Hydrolysis? | The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. |
| (What are) carbohydrates? | organic molecules that contain carbon,hydrogen,and oxygen in the ration CH2O |
| (What is the function of) carbohydrates? | storage and transport of energy and structural components |
| (What are) monosaccharides? | simple sugars in building blocks of complex carbohydrates - contain 6 carbon atoms |
| (What is the function of) monosaccharides? | they play an essential role in energy storage |
| (What are) disaccharides? | double sugars formed when two monosaccharides are joined. |
| (What is the function of) disaccharides? | they serve as reservoirs of glucose |
| (What are) polysaccharides? | Compounds composed of many monosaccharides linked together through dehydration reactions |
| (What is the function of) polysaccharides? | they serve as energy storage and structural support |
| (What are) nucleic acids? | monomers that make up RNA and DNA that consist of a sugar phosphate backbone and a nitrogen containing base |
| (What is the function of) nucleic acid? | The main function of nucleic acids is to store and transmit genetic information and use that information to direct the synthesis of new protein. |
| (What does) DNA (do)? | provides instructions for making proteins |
| (What is the structure of) DNA? | Double helix - 2 polynucleotide strands connected by hydrogen bonds |
| (What is the) difference between DNA and RNA? | DNA uses deoxyribose sugar and has thymine and is a double helic, RNA uses ribose sugar, and uses uracil and is a single strand. |
| (What are) proteins? | polymers composed of one or more long unbranched chains |
| (What are the) functions of proteins? | 1. enzyme catalist 2. defense 3. transport 4. support 5. motiong 6. regulation 7. storage |
| (What are) amino acids? | monomers and the building blocks of proteins |
| (What are the) four levels of structure of a protein? | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| (What are) motifs? | Common elements of secondary structure seen in many polypeptides and Useful in determining the function of unknown proteins |
| (What are) domains? | Functional units within a larger structure |
| (What are) Chaperones? | a type of protein that helps other proteins fold correctly |
| (What is) denaturation? | when the normal bonding patterns in proteins is disturbed or changed due to changes in temperature, pH or salt concentration. |
| (What are) lipids? | Loosely defined group of molecules with one main chemical characteristic |
| (What are) saturated fats? | Solid at room temperature, higher melting point. |
| (What are )unsaturated fats? | liquid at room temperature (oils) |
| (What are) trans fats? | fats that contain double bonds that have been partially hydrogenated- "synthetic fats" that were designed to increase shelf life |
| (What are) phospholipids? | a lipid made of glycerol joined to two fatty acids adn a phosphate group, giving the molecule a nonpolar hydrophobic tail and a polar hydrophilic head. They form bilayers that form all biological membranes |
| (What is the) difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic? | hydrophilic is water loving while hydrophobic is water fearing |
| (Who) discovered cells (and when)? | Robert Hooke, 1665. |
| (Who) proposed the cell theory? | Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jacob Schleiden |
| (What is the) cell theory? | a) all organisms are composed of one or more cells b) the cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms c) all cells some from pre-existing cells. |
| (Why are) cells small? | due to reliance on diffusion of substances in and out of cells. |
| (What effects the) rate of diffusion? | 1. Surface area available 2. Temperature 3. Concentration gradient 4. Distance over which it must occur |
| (How does) surface area to volume ratio (relate to cell function) | As a cells size increases its volume increases much more rapidly that its surface area.Because small cells have more surface area per unit of volume then larger ones, control over cell contents is more effective when cells are relatively small |
| (What is) resolution? | the minimum distance two points can be apart and still be distinguished as two separate points. |
| (What are the) two types of microscopes? | Light microscopes and Electron microscope |
| (What are the) basic structural similarities of all cells? | 1. Have a nucleus where genetic material is stored 2. Cytoplasm a semifluid matrix that fills the interior of the cell 3. Ribosomes that synthesis protein 4. Plasma membrane encloses a cell and separates its contents from the surroundings |
| (What are) prokaryotes? | simplest of organisms. Consist of cytoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane and encased in a rigid cell wall. Lack a membrane bound nucleus instead the DNA is present in the nucleoid. |
| (What are the) two domains of prokaryotes? | Archaea and Bacteria |
| (What is the structure and function of a) bacterial cell wall? | Cell walls protect the cell, maintain its shape, and prevent excessive uptake or loss of water. |
| What are flagella? | long, whiplike projections that allow a cell to move by rotating |
| What are eukaryotes? | cells contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell. |
| What is the structure and function of the nucleus? | The largest and most seen organelle within a eukaryotic cell. This is the repository for all genetic information. |
| (What is the structure and function of the) ribosomes? | cells protein synthesis machinery |
| (What is the) endomembrane system (and its function)? | series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm that divides the cell into compartments where different cellular functions occur |
| (What is the) endoplasmic reticulum? | an internal membrane system that transports proteins throughout the cell |
| (What are the) two types of endoplasmic reticulum? | Rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| What is the golgi apparatus? | Flattened stacks of interconnected membranes |
| What is the function of the golgi apparatus? | packaging and distribution of molecules synthesized at one location and used at another within the cell or even outside of it |
| (What are the) cis and trans faces? | two sides of the golgi apparatus |
| (What are) lysosomes? | membrane bound Digestive vesicles |
| (What are) microbodies? | Variety of enzyme-bearing, membrane-enclosed vesicles |
| (What are) vacuoles? | membrane bound structures in plants that have various functions depending on the cell type |
| What is a mitochondria? | Powerplant of a cell. |
| What are chloroplasts? | Organelles present in cells of plants and some other eukaryotes that contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis |
| What is the theory of endosymbiosis? | Proposes that some of today's eukaryotic organelles evolved by a symbiosis arising between two cells that were each free-living |
| Which organelles have DNA? | nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast |
| (What is the) cytoskeleton? | Network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cells that Supports the shape of the cell and Keeps organelles in fixed locations |
| (What are the) three types of fibers? | Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments |
| What are centrosomes? | clouds of cytoplasmic material that in animal cells contain centrioles. |
| What is the function of centrosomes? | they are the microtubule organizing center |
| How do eukaryotic cells move? | UNDULATION (wave-like) |
| What is a cilia and a flagella? | many smaller parts used for movement in animal cells |
| What kind of eukaryotic cells have cell walls? | Plants, fungi, and many protists |
| What is the extracellular matrix? | non-living substance found surrounding the cells. together the matrix and cells form connective tissue. |
| How do cells interact with each other? | surface proteins give cells an identity and they make contact with other cells read each other and then react. |
| What are the three types of cell connections? | tight injunction, anchoring junction, and communicating junction |
| (What is the structure and function of a) membrane? | Made of 2 thin layers of phospholipids and proteins and is semi-permeable barrier. Allows fat soluble molecules to pass and not charged particles. |
| (What is the) fluid mosaic model? | mosaic of proteins floats in or on the fluid lipid bilayer like boats on a pond |
| (What are the) four components of cellular membrane? | 1. phospholipid bilayer- fatty acids 2. transmemberane protiens- pass through the lipid bilayer 3. interior protein network 4. cell surface markers- help regulate how cells communicate -proteins extend outside of the cell |
| What are phospholipids? | Type of lipid made up of 2 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone. It has a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end allowing it to emulsify fat and water. |
| What are the functions of membrane proteins? | Transporters Enzymes Cell-surface receptors Cell-surface identity markers Cell-to-cell adhesion proteins Attachments to the cytoskeleton |
| How is protein structure related to function? | 1.Diverse functions arise from the diverse structures of membrane proteins 2.Have common structural features related to their role as membrane proteins |
| What are anchoring molecules? | modified lipids with Nonpolar regions that insert into the internal portion of the lipid bilayer |
| (What are) peripheral proteins? | Do not pass all the way through... stays on the outside |
| What are integral membrane proteins? | proteins that span the lipid bilayer |
| (What are) pores? | structures in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of certain materials between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm |
| (What is) passive transport? | The movement of substances through a membrane in which no energy is required. |
| What is the major barrier to passive transport? | the hydrophobic interior that repels polar molecules but not nonpolar molecules |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | a process in which substances move down their concentration gradient across the cell membrane with the assistance of carrier proteins. |
| What are channel proteins? | hydrophyllic channels when open |
| What are carrier proteins? | bind specifically to molecules that they assist |
| What is osmosis? | net diffusion of water across a membrane toward a higher solute concentration |
| What is hypotonic? | low concentration of solute and high concentration of water |
| (What is) hypertonic? | high concentration of solute and low concentration of water |
| What is isotonic? | balanced concentrations of solute and water |
| (What is) osmotic pressure? | The amount of pressure required to stop the osmotic flow of water. |
| How do cells maintain osmotic balance? | Some cells use extrusion in which water is ejected through contractile vacuoles |
| (What is) active transport? | the movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy |
| What kinds of carrier protein are used in active transport? | Uniporters, Symporters, Antiporters |
| (What is the) sodium potassium pump? | A cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium out of the cell |
| (What is) coupled transport? | Membrane transport process in which the transfer of one molecule depends on the simultaneous or sequential transfer of a second molecule. |
| What is bulk transport? | the transport of very large molecules in and out of the cell |
| (What is) endocytosis? | the process by which a cell membrane surrounds and encloses a large particle to bring it into the cell |
| What is exocytosis? | A process in which a vesicle within the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular medium |
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