| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Colonel J.M. Chivington | 1864 Sand Creek: massacred 400 Indians |
| Treaty of Fort Laramie | gov't abandoned Bozeman Trail |
| Battle of Little Big Horn | Crazy Horse and Sioux defeated Custers' 7th cavalry |
| Nez Perce Indians | revolted when gold hunters made gov't shrink reservation by 90% |
| Apache Tribes | led by Geronimo ;; surrendered and became famers |
| Causes for Indian subdue | railroad, white man's diseases, extermination of buffalo, wars, loss of land to white settlement |
| Helen Hunt Jackson | A Century of Dishonor (U.S. gov't dealings with Indians) |
| Battle of Wounded Knee | federal troops stamped out "Ghost Dance" & marks end of Indian wars |
| Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 | dissolved legal entities of all tribes but if Indians were "good" (farmers), they could get full U.S. citizenship in 25 yrs + full title to holdings |
| Fifty-Niners | gold hunters in Pike's Peak, Colorado |
| "Long Drive" | Texas cowboys herded cattle to railroad teminals in Kansas |
| Samuel Glidden | invented barbed wire |
| Wyoming Stock Growers' Associaton | breeders organization --> legends of cowboys |
| Homestead Act of 1862 | 160 acres of land in return for living on land for 5 yrs, improving it, paying nominal fee of $30 ; or after 6 months, get land for $1.25/acre |
| John Wesley Powell | warned that so little rain fell past the 100th meridan line |
| "dry farming" | using shallow cultivation methods to plant & farm ;; over time, finely pulverized surface soil --> Dust Bowl |
| Fredrick Jackson Turner | 1893 The Significance of the Frontier in American History (America needed a frontier) |
| "safety valve theory" | unemployed go West & become farmers |
| National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (The Grange) | 1867 founded by Oliver H. Kelley ;; improved lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, fraternal activitie |
| Greenback Labor Party | attracted farmers ;; elected 14 Congress members ;; ran General James B. Weaver |
| Farmer's Alliance | late 1870s ;; aimed at land owners, ignored tenant farmers, excluded blacks ;; agreed on nationalization of railroads, abolition of national banks, graduated income tax, federal sub-treasury |
| People's Party (Populist Party) | led by Ignatius Donnelly & Mary Elizabeth Lease (both spoke against banks & railroads) |
| Union Pacific Railroad | 1862 Omaha, Nebraska --> CA |
| Central Pacific Railroad | CA ;; backed by Big Four incl. Leland Stanford (ex-gov'r of CA) + Collis P. Huntington |
| Northern Pacific Railroad | 1883 Lake Superior --> Puget Sound |
| Atchison, Topeka, Santa Fe | 1884 through Southwest deserts |
| Southern Pacific | 1884 New Orleans --> San Francisco |
| Great Northern | James J. Hill ;; Duluth --> Seattle |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | headed New York Central ;; financed western railroads |
| Influences of Railroads | stitched nation together, huge market, jobs, industrialization of America, mining & agriculture in west |
| Jay Gould | embezzled stocks from Erie, Kansas Pacific, Union Pacific, Texas and Pacific railroad companies |
| "stock watering" | over-inflate worth of stocks & sold at huge profits |
| pools | trusts (defensive alliances) |
| Wabash case | states couldn't regulate interstate commerce |
| Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 | banned rebates, pools, required railroads to openly publish rates & forbade discrimination against shippers, banned charging more for short haul than long one ;; set up Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) |
| Eli Whitney | inventor of cotton gin |
| Alexander Graham Bell | inventor of telephone |
| Thomas Edison | inventor of electric light bulb, phonograph... |
| Andrew Carnegie | steel ;; used vertical integration |
| vertical integration | controlled ALL aspects of industry |
| John D. Rockefeller | oil ;; used horizontal integration ;; formed Standard Oil |
| horizontal integration | allied with competitors to monopolize given market (trusts) |
| J.P. Morgan | banking ;; used interlocking directorates |
| interlocking directorates | placed own men on boards of directors of rival competitors |
| Bessemer process | discovered by William Kelly ;; cold air blown on red-hot iron burned carbon deposits |
| United States Steel Corporation | 1901 launched by Morgan ;; 1st billion dollar corporation in the world |
| Reverend Russell Conwell | "Acres of Diamonds" speech |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | forbade combinations in restraint of trade without distinction of "good" or "bad" trusts |
| James Buchanan Duke | American Tobacco Company ;; DUKE UNIVERSITY |
| Henry W. Grady | editor of Atlanta constitution ;; urged South to industrialize |
| Charles Dana Gibson | created Gibson Girl |
| methods of corporation to discourage unions | hiring strikebreakers, asked courts to cease, bring in troops, "lockouts", "ironclad oaths", "yellow dog contracts", blacklists |
| National Labor Union | 1866 ;; 600,000 members ;; excluded Chinese, blacks, women ;; arbitration of industrial disputes & 8-hr workday |
| Knights of Labor | 1869 led by Terence V. Powderly ;; barred liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, stockholders ;; economic & social reform |
| Haymarket Square | May 4, 1886 ;; Chicago police vs. Knights ;; dynamite bomb killed several dozen ;; 8 anarchists arrested |
| American Federation of Labor | 1886 founded by Samuel Gompers ;; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions ;; skilled laborers, willing to let unskilled fend for themselves, small minority |
| Louis Sullivan | architect ;; skyscrapers (1885 1st in Chicago) |
| Theodore Dreiser | Sister Carrie |
| "birds of passage" | immigrants who stayed in U.S. for short time & returned to Europe |
| Walter Rauschenbusch & Washington Gladden | preached social "social gospel" ~ churches tackle burning social issues |
| Jane Addams | 1889 founded Hull House ;; taught skills & knowledge, social reforms, women activism |
| Lillian Ward | 1893 Henry Street Settlement (NY) |
| Florence Kelley | fought for protection of women workers & against child labor |
| nativism | Germans & western Europeans looked down upon new Slavs & Baltics ;; "native" Americans blamed new immigrants for degration of urban gov't |
| American Protective Association (APA) | anti-foreign organization that went against new immigrants & tried to stop them |
| Dwight Lyman Moody | gospel of kindness & forgiveness ;; 1889 founded Moody Bible Institute in Chicago |
| Cardinal Gibbons | preached American unity |
| Mary Baker Eddy | founded Church of Christ ;; wrote Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (1875) |
| Charles Darwin | On the Origin of Species |
| Chautauqua Movement | 1874 launched;; public lectures |
| Booker T. Washington | ex-slave ;; headed industrial school in Tuskegee, Alabama ;; avoided social equality, Blacks helping themselves first before gaining more rights |
| George Washington Carver | student of B.T. Washington ;; found ways of uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | first black to get Ph.D. from Harvard ;; founded National Association for Advancement of Colored People (1910) |
| Vassar | college for women |
| Morrill Act of 1862 | generous grant of public lands to states in support of education |
| Hatch Act of 1887 | federal funds for establishment of agricultural experiment stations |
| John Hopkins University | first high-grade graduate school |
| Dr. Charles W. Eliot | president of Harvard |
| Louis Pasteurs & Joseph Lister | improved medical science and health |
| William James | Principles of Psychology (1890), The Will to Believe (1897), Varieties of Religious Experience (1902), *Pragmatism (1907) |
| yellow journalism | wild & fantastic stories on sex, scandal... |
| Joseph Pulitzer | New York World |
| William Randolph Hearst | San Francisco Examiner |
| Associated Press | established in 1840s ;; helped to offset some bad journalism |
| Edwin L. Godkin | New York Nation (1865) |
| Henry George | Progress and Poverty (graduated income tax) |
| Edward Bellamy | Looking Backward (1888) |
| "dime novels" | Wild West & other romantic settings |
| General Lewis Wallace | Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ |
| Horatio Alger | virtue, honesty, industry rewarded by success |
| Walt Whitman | Leaves of Grass |
| Emily Dickinson | poet ;; poems published after death |
| Kate Chopin | The Awakening |
| Mark Twain | The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn, The Gilded Age, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County |
| Bret Harte | CA gold rush stories |
| William Dean Howells | editor-in-chief of Atlantic Monthly |
| Stephen Crane | Maggie: Girl of the Streets ;; The Red Badge of Courage |
| Henry James | Daisy Miller, Portrait of a Lady |
| Jack London | The Call of the Wild, The Iron Heel |
| Frank Norris | The Octopus |
| Paul Laurence Dunbar & Charles W. Chesnutt | black writers who used black dialect |
| Victoria Woodhull & Tennessee Chaflin | Woodull and Claflin's Weekly |
| Anthony Comstock | war on the "immoral" |
| Charlottle Perkins Gilman | Women and Economics |
| National American Suffrage Association | 1890 led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony |
| Carrie Chapman Catt | led women activists ;; General Federation of Women's Clubs |
| Ida Wells | National Association of Colored Women |
| Women's Christian Temperance Union | led by Frances E. Willard & Carrie A. Nation |
| Clara Burton | 1881 American Red Cross |
| James Whistler & John Singer Sargent | went to Europe to study art |
| Marry Cassatt | portraits of women & children |
| George Inness | leading landscapist |
| Thomas Eakins | realist painter |
| Winslow Homer | most famous and greatest painter |
| Augustus Saint-Gaudens | made Robert Gould Savo Memorial |
| Henry H. Richardson | "Richardsonian" architecture |
| Phineas T. Barnum & James A. Bailey | 1881 "Greatest show on Earth" |
| "Wild West" shows | "Buffalo Bill" Cody & Annie Oakley |
| James Naismith | 1891 invented basketball |
Combine with other sets
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