Psych ap ch 1
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68 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 first woman to receive a PhD in Psychology | Margaret Floy Washburn |
| structuralism | Edward Bradford Titchener of Cornell University faculty in 1892. Structural elements of the mind, introspection, immediate sensations. requires smart talkative people, waned because unreliable depending on experience, dont know why we feel a certain way, recollections err. wundts structuralism in thematically unrelated and distinct from the laters of piaget, chomsky, and levi-strauss. |
| functionalism | William James. how our mental and behavioral processes function how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish. |
| gestalt psychology | type of psychology approach |
| behaviorism | the scientific study of observable behavior. (John B Watson, BF Skinner) psych should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference (Contains factors which reward or punish LEARNED) |
| psychoanalysis | freud. childhood memories (childhood decisions lead to unconscious decisions. psychodynamic) |
| APA first female president | Mary Whiton Calkins |
| humanistic psychology | carl rogers and abraham maslow. current environmental influences of our growth potential. needs for love and acceptance satisfied. emphasized growth potential for healthy people and individuals potential for personal growth. (everyone has a need or opportunity to fulfill potential but certain factors may get in the way such as low self esteem) |
| cognitive neuroscience (cognitive psychology) | brain activity linked with mental activity |
| psychology | science of behavior and mental processes (observable and unobservable) |
| first president of APA | G Stanley Hall |
| first women in APA | Mary Whiton Calkins and Christine Ladd-Franklin |
| psychology goals | describe, explain, predict, control |
| biological | brain (psychiatry) |
| cognitive | what you are thinking |
| jobs | secondary schools 4% clinical and therapeutic 48% research/teaching 28% industrial (IO) 6% other 14% |
| 3 limitations to confidentiality | harm to others/yourself under 18 clinician in a legal setting |
| masters degrees | MSW - masters social work ma - masters of arts ms - masters of science |
| doctorate degrees | PhD - doctorate of philosophy (theoretical) PsyD - doctorate of psychology (therapeutic) ED - doctorate of education |
| clinical/therapeutic jobs | psychiatrist - MD, DO - prescribes psychologist - PhD, PsyD, ED counseling - Ma, MSW, Ms |
| confounding factors | get in way of correlations, other reasons |
| placebo | no true medical benefit but person believes |
| testimonial | statement of personal experience |
| correlation | one event related closely to another event. cannot show cause and effect. helps us predict. |
| correlation coefficient | both events increasing/decreasing - positive one event increasing the other decreasing - negative events unrelated - zero -1.0----0----1.0 -.7 or .7 noteworthy |
| scientific method | set of rules which reduce bias and error |
| hindsight bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it |
| two groups in random assignment | experimental group and control group |
| double blind | experimenter doesnt know which group is which |
| subjects | blind, random, representative sample |
| treatment | what you are studying (ex. kombucha) |
| dependent variable | change that occurs |
| independent variable | what we change |
| how likely did the results occur by chance? | p<.05 |
| statistical significance | a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
| critical thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions but examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
| theory | explanation using integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors and events (ex. low self esteem feeds depression) |
| hypothesis | a testable prediction implied by a theory (ex. people with low self esteem will score higher on a depression scale) |
| operational definition | statement of procedures used to define research variables (ex. human intelligence is what an intelligence test measures) |
| replication | repeating the essence of a research study with difft participants in difft situations to see if basic findings extend to other participants and circumstances |
| descriptive methods | describe behaviors with case studies or surveys or naturalistic obervations |
| experimental methods | manipulate factors to discover effects |
| case study | observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
| survey | a technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, questioning a representative, random sample |
| population | entire group you want to describe |
| naturalistic observations | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
| random sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
| scatterplots | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. the slope of the points suggests the strength of the correlation. |
| illusory correlation | the perception of a relationship where none exists |
| experiment | a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (IV) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (DV) by random assignment the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors |
| random assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. |
| mode | most frequently occurring score in a distribution |
| mean | arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores then dividing by the number of scores |
| median | middle score in a distribution, half scores above half below |
| range | difference between highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
| standard deviation | computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
| normal curve | normal distribution. a symmetrical bell shape that describes distribution of data. most scores fall near the median and fewer with the extremes. |
| principles for safe generalization | representative samples are better than biased samples less variable observations are more reliable than those that are more variable more cases are better than fewer |
| culture | enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| ethical principles developed by the american psychological association by the british psychological society | obtain informed consent of potential participants protect them from harm and discomfort treat information about individual participants confidentially fully explain research afterword |
| p<.1 | acceptable |
| p<.45 | may have been due to chance |
| skewed distribution | look at median and mode |
| deception | cannot be used about aspects of research that would affect the participants willingness to participate. goals only obscured when absolutely necessary |
| milgram | at yale, authority in room, do people have capacity to harm in authority strong enough? IV - presence/words of authority figures. DV - voltage indicates how willing to harm someone. |
| stanford prison | IV - positions of people, setting DV - health (?) |
| privation | lack of food and warmth |
| ethics in animal research | ensure appropriate consideration of the animals comfort, health, and humane treatment. may not be exposed to pain, stress, privation, when alternative procedures are available. |
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