Micro Lab Final
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117 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 brightfield | type of microscope that is the most widely used. The specimen is darker than surrounding field. Used for live, preserved stained speciments. |
| darkfield | brightly illuminated specimens surrounded by dark field (live, unstained) |
| phase-constrast | transforms subtle changes in light waves passing through the specimen into light intensity. Best for observing intracellular structure |
| Fluorescense | compound microscope; UV radiation source; uses dyes the emit visible light bombarded with shorter UV rays. Useful in diagnosing infections |
| basic stain | type of stain that is cationic |
| acid stain | type of stain that is anionic |
| basic stain | methylene blue |
| basic stain | crystal violet |
| basic stain | fuchsin |
| basic stain | malachite green |
| basic stain | safranin |
| acidic stain | eosin |
| acidic stain | nigrosin |
| acidic stain | indian ink |
| simple stain | stain that only uses one dye |
| differential | type of stain that uses a primary and counterstain |
| structural | type of stain used to indentify cell parts not revealed by conventional staining (i.e spores) |
| positive gram stain | purple, thick peptidoglycan layer |
| negative gram stain | pink; thinner middle layer |
| peptidoglycan | glycan chains crosslinked with short peptide fragments |
| mycobacterium | acid fast staining is used for extremely high lipid in the cell wall of ________ species |
| mycobacteria, nocardia | two bacteria that are difficult to stain due to waxy cell walls |
| acid fast | acid fast stain result - pink |
| non acid fast | acid fast stain result - blue |
| cocci | spherical shape |
| coccus | one sphere |
| diplococcus | pair of spherical shaped bacteria |
| streptococcus | chain of spheres |
| tetrad | 2 x 2 sphere square |
| staphylococcus | grape like clusters |
| sarcina | 2 x 2 x 2 cube |
| diplococcus | shape of neisseria gonorrhoeae |
| micrococcus luteus | tetra |
| sarcina lutea | sarcina |
| bacillus | rod shaped bacteria |
| single rod | escherichia coli shape |
| string of rods | bacillus subtilis shape |
| streptobacillus | bacillus megaterium shape |
| coccobacillus | fransciella tularemia shape |
| vibrio | curved or comma shape bacteria |
| spirillum | thick rigid spiral shape |
| spirochete | thin flexible spiral |
| spirochete | borrelia shape |
| spirochete | leptospira |
| spirochete | treponema pallidum |
| e. coli | gram negative, single rod |
| bacillus megaterium | gram positive streptobacillus |
| microccus luteus | gram positive cocci tetrads |
| bacillus subtilis | gram positive string of rods |
| sarcina lutea | gram positive cocci, sarcina |
| inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, identification | the five i's of culturing microbes |
| C source, N, vitamins and growth factors, water | basic requirements for bacteria |
| physical state, chemical composition, functional type | three properties of media |
| semi solid | type of media used for determining motility |
| synthetic | chemically defined; pure organic and inorganic compounds. Exact chemical formula |
| nonsynthetic | complex; contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically definable |
| general purpose | grows a broad range of microbes; usually nonsynthetic |
| enriched | contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin, special growth factors |
| selective | contains one or more agents that inhibit growth of some microbes and encourage growth of the desired microbes |
| differential | allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among desired and undesired microbes |
| reducing medium | medium that contains a substance that absorbs oxygen or slows penetration of oxygen into medium used for growing anaerobic bacteria |
| carbohydrate fermentation medium | contains sugars that can be fermented, converted to acids. pH indicator to show the reaction. Basis for identifying bacteria and fungi |
| transport medium | medium that contains buffers and absorbents to prevent cell death; will not support active growth |
| transport | stuart's and amie's is an example of _______ media |
| assay | type of media used to test drug, antiseptic, cosmetic, preservative, or disinfectant effect on microbes |
| enumeration | type of media used in industry and environmental studies to count microbes in milk, water, soil, ect |
| peptones | used in media due to availability of amino acids for bacteria use |
| agar | polysaccharide from red alga gelidium |
| nutrient broth / agar | most commonly used media |
| obligate aerobes | require air for growth |
| obligate anaerobes | cannot tolerate oxygen and must be grown where it is removed |
| facultative anaerobes | use oxygen if present, but can also grow using other modes of metabolism such as fermentation |
| microaerophiles | live in environment where oxygen is much lower than atmosphere |
| aerotolerant | indifferent to oxygen-- can live in oxygen but not use it |
| coliform | indicates quality of food/water. Often the cause of nosocomia (hospital) infections |
| heat/autoclave, filtration, chemical | methods of sterilization |
| vegetative cells | endospore pink stain |
| spore cells | endospore green stain |
| filament, hook, basal body | components of prokaryotic flagellum |
| axial filaments | also called periplasmic flagella; two or more coiled threads; shows a wiggly mode of locomotion |
| fimbriae | small bristle like fibers emergin from the surface of the bacteria wall |
| pili | found only in gram negative bacteria; elongated rigid tubular structure made of a protein |
| thirty to sixty minutes | average generation time |
| hydrolysis | chemical reactino where water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ion |
| amino acids | basic building blocks of proteins (26) Chains of amino acids are called peptide chains or polymers |
| exoenzymes | make starches and proteins more readily available. Act extracellularly |
| lactose | glucose and galactose |
| sucrose | glucose and fructose |
| starch | made up of glucose units amylase and amylopectin |
| hydrogen sulfide | a product formed when compounds containing sulfur are catabolized by bacteria |
| indole | aromatic heterocyclic organic compound used in fragrances and pharmaceuticals. Made of benzene ring and five member nitrogen pyrole ring. |
| starch agar | used for cultivating organisms being tested for starch hydrolysis |
| negative (starch is present) | starch agar result - blue |
| positive (starch has been hydrolyzed) | starch agar result - no change |
| mostly starch | starch agar formula |
| nutrient gelatin stab | used for determining gelatin liquefaction (gelatinase production) |
| mostly gelatin, some peptone | formula nutrient gelatin stab |
| negative | nutrient gelatin stab result - medium solid |
| positive | nutrient gelatin stab result - medium liquid |
| sugar broth | used to determine if bacteria is a carbohydrate fermenter and/or gas producer |
| sugar broth formula | 100mL nutrient broth (3g beef extract, 5g peptone/1Lwater) .5g __sugar__, brom-htymol-blue |
| acid produced when sugar fermented | sugar broth - yellow color |
| base produced due to breakdown of proteins | sugar broth - blue color |
| klingler iron agar | used for the identification of gram negative enteric bacilli based on the fermentation of glucose (dextrose), lactose, and H2S production |
| lots of peptone, lactose, sulfates | klingler iron agar formula |
| positive for h2s production | klingler iron result - black deposit along stab line or general darkening of the medium |
| small amounts of dextrose | klinger iron result - red sland and yellow but |
| fermentation of lactose | klingler iron result - yellow slant and butt with or without gas indicates___________ |
| tryptone | a pancreatic digest of casein used as a nitrogen source in culture media formulated for isolating and cultivating fastidious and non fastidious bacteria and fungi. Identifies indole production |
| negative | tryptone result- absence of color at top of broth |
| positive | tryptone result - red ring at top of broth |
| nitrate broth | used to determine nitrate reduction |
| beef extract, 5g peptone, 1g KNO3 | nitrate broth formula |
| nutrient agar | catalase test |
| 3g beef extract, 5g peptone, 15g agar | nutrient agar formula |
| negative | nutrient agar result - no foaming |
| positive | nutrient agar result - foaming |
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