| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Simony | the selling or buying of a position in a Christian Church |
| St. Francis of Assisi | The son of a rich merchant, Francis treated everyone as spiritual brothers and founded the Franciscans, an order of Friars. |
| Gothic | Relating to a style of church architecture that developed in Medieval Europe featuring ribbed vaults, stained-glass windows, flying butresses, pointed arches, and tall spires. |
| Urban II | A pope who called for the crusades, a series of wars intended to reclaim the holy land. |
| Crusade | One of the expeditions in which medival Christian warriors sought to recover control of the Holy Land from the Muslims |
| Saladin | A Muslim leader who reclaimed Jerusalem and chased Crusaders back into their own land. |
| Saladin | The most powerful Muslim ruler |
| Richard the Lion-Hearted | A ruthless English king who wished to reclaim Jerusalem |
| Reconquista | the effort by Christian leaders to drive Muslims out of Spain from 1100s to 1492 |
| Inquisition | A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy like the Spanish one in the 1400s |
| Three Field System | A system of farming developed in Medieval Europe, in which farmland was divided into three fields of equal size and each was planted with a winter crop, a spring crop, and one was left unplanted. |
| Guild | A medieval association of people working at the same occupation, which controlled its members wages and prices. |
| Burgher | A medieval town dweller |
| Vernacular | The everyday language of people in a region or country |
| Dante Alighieri | A writer who wrote The Divine Comedy in Italian |
| Geoffrey Chaucer | Wrote the Canterbury Tales in English |
| Thomas Aquinas | A scholar who wrote the Summa Theologica which argued that basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument. He combined Greek and Christian thought. |
| Scholastics | School men who used knowledge of Aristotle to teach law and government. |
| William the Conqueror | the duke of Normandy; he claimed the English crown, invaded England, declared all land his personal property, granted fiefs, and developed a centralized government. |
| Henry II | William the Conqueror's descendant; married Eleanor of Aquitaine. Henry strengthened the royal courts of justice, introduced the jury, and established common law. |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | married Louis VII of France and Henry II, and gave birth to two kings - Richard the Lion-hearted and John. By marrying Henry II she gave him the French land of Aquitaine. |
| Magna Carta | "Great Charter", a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John in 1215 |
| Parliament | A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation |
| Philip II | The ruler of the Capetian Dynasty. He sought to decrease the power of English kings and increase the territory of France. HE was also named Augustus "majestic" and named the first French king to become more powerful than any of his vassals. He also strengthened central government by establishing royal officials called bailiffs. |
| Louis IX | Philip's grandson, he was very pious and was made a saint. He made a French appeals court which could overturn the decisions of local courts. His French appeals court strengthened the monarchy and weakened feudal ties. |
| Avignon | This French city housed popes for 67 years; the switch from Rome to this city weakened the Church. |
| Great Schism | A division in the medieval Roman Catholic church, during which rival popes were established in Avignon and Rome. |
| John Wycliffe | An English professor who argued that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the church. He believed that the clergy should own no land or wealth. He also taught that the bible alone was the final authority for Christian life. |
| Jan Hus | A Bohemian professor who taught that the Bible was higher than the pope. He was excommunicated in 1412 and burned as a heretic. |
| Bubonic Plague | This deadly disease spread across Asia and Europe in the mid 14th century, killing millions of people. |
| Hundred Years' War | A conflict in which England and France battled on French soil on and off from 1337 to 1453 |
| Joan of Arc | A teenage French peasant who felt moved by God to restor France from its English conquerors and give the crown to Charles VI's son. She broke the siege of Orleans, crowned Charles at Reims, was captured by the Burgundians, and was burned at the Stake by the English Church. |
| Village priests, Simony, Lay Investiture | Three problems faced the church: ___________________ were married and had families which was against church rulings, positions in the church were sold by bishops, a practice called _______________, and the practice of ___________________ put kings in control of church bishops. |
| Benedictine Monastery | This founding of this monastery in Cluny, France began church reforms. |
| Pope Leo IX | This pope enforced Church laws against simony and the marriage of priests. |
| Pope Gregory VII | This pope followed Leo's path and continued to purify the church and extend reforms. |
| Kingdom | The Church was restructured to resemble a _______________. |
| Papal Curia | Name for the pope's advisors |
| Chastity, Poverty, and obedience | Vows taken by friars |
| Dominicans | This group of friars emphasized the importance of study |
| Franciscans | This group of friars emphasized love of nature. |
| Urban II | The first pope to call for a Crusade |
| Alexius Comnenus | This Byzantine emperor sent an appeal to Pope Urban II asking for help against Muslim Turks. |
| Holy Wars | Another name for the crusades |
| Recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land | The goal of the Crusades was to ______________________________ from the Muslim Turks. |
| Red Cross | the symbol of the crusades |
| God Wills It | The battle cry of the Crusades |
| Knights | Kings and the Church saw the Crusades as a chance to get rid of _____ who fought each other |
| Geography, climate, or geography | Crusaders knew nothing of the ___________________________ of the Holy Land |
| Strategy or leader | The crusaders had no ________________. |
| Edessa | This land was won after the first crusade and four feudal states were carved from it. |
| Second Crusade | This Crusade was organized to recapture Edessa. |
| Philip Augustus, Barbarossa, Richard the Lion-Hearted | These three kings lead the third crusades, but eventually only Richard was left |
| Fourth Crusade | This crusade looted the city of Constantinople |
| Constantinople | Capital of Eastern church |
| Rome | Capital of Western Church |
| North Africa | Later crusades went here |
| Moors | Spanish Muslims |
| Reconquista | A long effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain. |
| Granada | The last kingdom held onto by the Muslims. |
| Inquisition | A tribunal held by the Church to suppress heresy. |
| Weakened the papacy, strengthened European kings, and increased trade with the Middle East | Effects of the Crusades |
| 1097 | In this year three armies of knights gathered outside Constantinople |
| July 15, 1099 | On this city the Crusades won Edessa |
| 1144 | In this year Edessa was reconquered by the Turks |
| 1187 | In this year Jerusalem fell to Saladin |
| 1192 | In this year Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce |
| Christian Pilgrims | After the third crusade, Muslims would retain control of Jerusalem but unarmed ________________ could visit holy sites. |
| 1198 | On this year the Fourth Crusade was called for |
| 1204 | In this year the fourth Crusade looted Constantinople, ended the Crusade. |
| Innocent III | This pope called for the fourth crusade |
| Twice | Horses could plow __________ the land plowed by oxen |
| Larger families, less disease, longer life, increase in population, clearing of forests | Effects of three field system |
| Cloth | Main good traded at fairs |
| Self-Sufficiency | As a result of trade, towns no longer depended on _________________- |
| Guild | An association of people who work at the same occupation, a union. |
| Wages, prices, and trade | Guilds controlled ___________________- |
| Apprentice, Journeyman, Masterpiece | the three stages to becoming a guild Master |
| Usury | A sin where a Christian lends money at interest |
| Jews | This group of people took up finances because of exclusion from guilds |
| Ports, Crossroads, Hilltops, and Rivers | Town were located on these four places of trade |
| Serfs | This group fled manors to leave for towns |
| Unsanitary | Towns were very _________________, however many people continued to move to them |
| A year and a day | The length of time a serf had to live in a town to earn freedom |
| Government or the Church | Scholars wanted a job in the __________________________________. |
| Christine de Pisan | The City of Ladies |
| Ships, Navigation, and Weapons | Muslims had superior ______________. |
| Crusades | The _____________ increased contact with Muslim writings which lead to learning in science, philosophy, law, and mathematics. |
| Alfred the Great | The only English King that can turn back the VIkings |
| England | Land of the Engels |
| Canute | A Danish King who conquered England |
| King Edward | Alfred's cousin, when this king died without an heir, it caused an English Civil War |
| William the Conqueror | King Edward's son, the Duke of Norman invaded England to claim the throne |
| Harold Godwinson | An Anglo-saxon who also wanted the English Throne |
| Harold Godwinson | This man died at the battle of Hastings resulting in William the Conqueror taking the throne. |
| England, Normandy, and France | After Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine, English kings controlled these three lands |
| Hold and add to French Land and strengthen power over the nobles and the church | The two goals of English kings |
| Courts of Justice | Henry II strengthened ___________________ by sending judges to England once a year |
| Henry II | This ruler introduced the jury system |
| Common Law | This body of law was formed by the ruling of judges that were sent to Courts of Justice by Henry II |
| Richard the Lion-Hearted and John | Henry II's two sons |
| Softsword | John's nickname |
| John | This ruler lost all of Normandy and the land North of France |
| Raised Taxes | John ________________ for losing wars, which led to people disliking him |
| Magna Carta | This document guaranteed basic political rights, no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and protection by the law |
| Establishment of Courts, Magna Carta, Parliament | Three major government steps in England |
| 2 burghesses, 2 knights, bishops, lords, and commoners | Composition of Parliament |
| Model Parliament | The name of Parliament when it included Commoners |
| Philip | This French ruler reconquered Normandy from King John and tripled the land under his control |
| Philip | Had the title of Augustus, he was the most powerful capetian king |
| Louis IX | He was known as the ideal king because he was very pious and was also an effective ruler |
| Louis IX | This ruler made the French Appeals Court that could overturn decisions of local courts |
| Philip IV | This ruler included the third estate in the Estates-General meeting to gain support against the pope who refused to make the priests pay taxesf |
| Boniface VIII | This pope was taken prisoner after he issued a Papal Bull, in response to King Philip IV, where kings must obey popes |
| Clement V | This pope moved the papal city from Rome to Avignon |
| Urban VI | This pope had an arrogant personality and a desire for reform |
| Clement VII | This French Pope was chosen instead of Pope Urban VI |
| Excommunicated | Pope Urban VI and Pope Clement VII ______________________ each other which resulted in the Great Schism |
| Council of Constance | This group ended the Great Schism by choosing Martin V as the pope |
| One Third | The Bubonic Plague killed _________________ of the European population |
| Genoese Merchant Ship | A ___________________ arrived in Sicily carrying the plague |
| Jews | This group was blamed for the plague |
| Effects of the Plague | Scarce work force, abandoned farmland, sheep pastures, fall of manorial system, and peasant revolts |
| Death | Because of the plague, people had an increased awareness of _____________ |
| Edward III | This English Ruler claimed the Capetian throne as the grandson of Philip IV |
| Crecy, Poiters, Agincourt | These three battles marked the end of chivalry |
| Siege of Orleans | One of Joan of Arc's major victories, she won this battle by charging after retreating |
| Joan of Arc | After crowning Charles at Reims, this woman was burned at the stake as a heretic and a witch |
| Nationalism | A feeling of ________________ increased as a result of the Hundred Years' War |
| War of the Roses | A war where two noble houses fought for the throne which ultimately strengthened Parliament |
| Great Schism, Wealth of Church, Discrediting of Church | These three things lead to the end of the age of faith |
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