| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Active Transport | The cell must expend energy to move something Example-calcium and sodium-potassium pump |
| Passive Transport | Transportation of molecules in a cell that requires no energy Examples-diffusion, facilitated diffusion |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | The cell membrane is a mosaic in having diverse protein molecules embedded in a framework of phospholipids and fluid in that most of these molecules can drift about in a membrane |
| Peripheral and Integral | Two main types of membrane proteins |
| Receptor, Transport, Communication, Recognition, and Enzyme | Important Functions of Membrane Proteins |
| Diffusion | the tendency of particles of anykind to spread out evenly in an available space, moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration |
| Concentration Gradient | The net movement from the side of the membrane with the greater concentration to the side where it is less concentrated |
| Easily-Diffused Substances across Phospholipid Bilayer | Small, nonpolar, molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| Facilitated Diffusion | A protein in the phospholipid bilayer makes it possible for a substance to move down its concentration gradient either more easily or allows it to diffuse |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Hypertonic Environment | Solute concentration is greater outside the cell so water moves out of the cell |
| Isotonic Environment | Solute concentrations are equal |
| Hypotonic Environment | Solute concentration is greater inside the cell so water moves into the cell |
| Aquaporins | Transport proteins that rapidly diffuse water |
| Endocytosis | A transport process where a cell takes in a substance, usually food or a |
| Phagocytosis | "cellular eating" or the cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia around it and packaging it in a vacuole |
| Pinocytosis | "cellular drinking" or the cell swallows a small amount of a liquid into vesicles |
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis | Receptor proteins for specific molecules are embedded in the regions of the membrane that are lined by a layer of coat proteins, attracting certain molecules and forming a vacuole around the molecules |
| Exocytosis | A process by which a cell exports bulky materials out of the cell |
| Selective Permeability | a cell membrane property that allows certain things to come into the cell |
| Energy | capacity to perform work(motion) |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it is constant |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics | Energy conversions increase the entropy of the universe |
| Entropy | a measure of disorder or randomness |
| Metabolism | a total of an organism's chemical reactions |
| ATP | the energy form that powers almost every cell function |
| Phosphorylation | the transfer of one of ATP's phosphate groups to another molecule so that ATP can perform work |
| Catalyst | a chemical that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but isn't altered by the reaction |
| Enzymes | a protein and biological catalyst that increases the rate of a reaction without being changed by the reaction |
| Substrate | a specific reactant that an enzyme reacts on |
| Active Site | a region on the enzyme where the enzyme bonds with the substrate |
| Metabolic Pathway | a series of chemical reactions, each catalyzed by a differenct enzyme and they can be either degradive or synthetic |
| Two basic ways to regualte enzyme activity | Competitive-a molecule other than the substrate binds the active site, preventing the substrate from binding and Noncompetitive/Allosteric-a molecule binds a site other than the active site, changing the shape of the active site such that the substance can't bind |
| Feedback Inhibition | the product of a metabolic pathway inhibits its own production usually by noncompetitive inhibition |
| Cofactors | inorganic organisms that help enzymes carry out their reactions and some enzymes don't work without them |
| Coenzymes | organic organisms that help enzymes carry out their reactions and some enzymes don't work without them |
| pH, Temperature, electric polarity, steepness of concentration gradient, size of molecule/openings | Factors that affect the rate of diffusion |
| Kinetic and Potential | Two types of Energy |
| Example of Receptor-mediated endocytosis | LDL receptors and Statin Drugs-forces production of LDL receptors and intake of cholesterol from blood |
| why Cell Membrane structure allow selective permeability | opening and closing of certain pathways and having or lacking certain receptors |
| Difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions | Endergonic-low to high potential energy Exergonic-high to low potential energy |
| ATP couples endergonic and exergonic reactions | see diagram from class |
| Increases the rate of reaction by lowering activation energy, almost all are proteins, binds substrate to active site, typically substrate specific, doesn't affect the change of free energy of the reacton, affected by pH and temp, can be activated and inhibited | Properties of Enzymes |
| Relationship between structure and function of an enzyme | If the active site or enzyme's shape changes, the enzyme will perform a different function |
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