Praxis II (0041/0049) Language and Linguistics: Grammar: Parts of Speech
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89 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 noun | a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea; example: boy, Juan, river, Texas |
| common noun | names any person place, thing or idea; example: pilot, city, park |
| pronoun | takes the place of one or more noun; example: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, it |
| personal pronoun | Refers to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person), or the one spoken about (third person). They are he, his, she, her, I , we , us, you, etc |
| antecedent | when using pronoun, the noun to which it refers; example: HE heard. NICHOLAS heard. // pronouns should agree with number and gender; example: NICHOLAS heard a LIBRARIAN tell STORIES. |
| subject pronoun | used as a subject or part of a the subject in a sentence; WE are ready to go. |
| object pronoun | is used as a direct/indirect object in a sentence; example: Rebecca gave ME a gift. |
| possessive pronoun | shows ownership or possession of something; example: Jerome is learning about HIS ancestors. |
| relative pronoun | usually refers to the subject of a sentence; examples: myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves, Start a dependent clause (Who, that, which, whom, whose) |
| indefinite pronoun | a pronoun that does not refer to a specific, person, place, thing, or idea; examples: everyone, everything, everybody, anybody, many, most, few, each, some, someone, all, nothing, nobody, and no one |
| who | use as a subject pronoun; example: _____ is not going? |
| whom | use as an object pronoun; example: To _____ am I speaking? |
| adjective | a word that modifies, or describes, a noun or pronoun; example: We saw LAZY lions beneath a SHADY tree. |
| articles | adjectives 'a,' 'an,' and 'the' |
| proper adjective | an adjective that is formed from a proper noun; example: Africa --> African; Scotland --> Scottish |
| demonstrative adjective | tells which one; examples: this, that, these, and those |
| predicate adjective | an adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject of a sentence; includes forms of taste, look, feel, smell, appear, seem, and become; example: I look TIRED, but I feel FINE. |
| positive adjective | adjective used when no comparison being made; example: This is a HOT day. |
| comparative adjective | an adjective used to compare two items; example: Today is HOTTER than yesterday. |
| superlative adjective | an adjective used to compare three or more items; example: This is the HOTTEST day of the year. |
| action verb | tells what the subject of a sentence does or did; example: She SLEEPS every day. She SLEPT every day. |
| linking verb | joins the subject and the predicate |
| verb phrase | contains the main verb and helping verbs |
| main verb | the most important verb in a phrase |
| helping verb | is not the main verb in a phrase; are added to another verb to make the meaning clearer; includes any forms of TO BE |
| present / present participle | play / (is, are, am) playing --> adding -ing used with form be |
| past / past participle | played / (have, has, had) played --> adding -ed or -d with form have |
| verb tense | verb that tells the time of the action or being |
| present tense | verb that tells something that is happening now; example: Dena LAUGHS at the jokes. |
| past tense | verb that tells something that happened in the past; example: Dena LAUGHED at the jokes. |
| future tense | tells that something will happen in the future; uses WILL with the verb; example: Dena WILL LAUGH at the jokes. |
| present perfect | tense with the past participle and helping verb HAVE and HAS |
| past perfect | tense with the past participle and helping verb HAD |
| future perfect | tense with the past participle and helping verb WILL HAVE |
| irregular verb | does not end with -ed to form the past participle; examples; (is, are, am / was / were) ; (has, have / had / had) ; (do, does / did / done) ; ate, grown, bought, sold, spent, taken, etc. |
| direct object | noun or pronoun that receives the action of a verb; tells who or what receives the action; example: Bobby loved his PARENTS. |
| indirect object | tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done; example: Jack showed the DOG kindness. |
| predicate nominative | noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames the subject; example: Lassie has been a CELEBRITY for decades. |
| transitive verb | action verb followed by a noun or pronoun that receives the action; example: I KNOW the story. |
| intransitive verb | includes all linking verbs and any action verbs that do not take an object; example: My friends CRIED. |
| adverb | words that describes verbs, adjectives, or other -----; answers when, where, how, to what extent; modifies a verb, adjective, or -----; tells how, when, where, or to what extent; example: Our skates move EFFORTLESSLY. (how) or The ice is glistening NOW. (when) *most ----- are formed by adding -ly to an adjective* |
| comparative adverb | adverbs such as lower, nearer, more slowly; faster, more seriously |
| superlative adverb | adverbs such as lowest, nearest, most slowly; fastest, most seriously |
| negatives | words that mean no; common negatives: no, not, never, nowhere, nothing, nobody, no one, neither, scarcely, barely; use only one in a sentence |
| preposition | shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word in the sentence; example: I walked ALONG the beach. |
| object of the preposition | is the noun or pronoun that follows the preposition; example: The sands of the BEACH were white. |
| prepositional phrase | is made up of a preposition, the object of the preposition, and all the words in between: example: Who lives IN THAT HOUSE? |
| adjective phrase | prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun; examples: The killer whale is a species of PORPOISE. (tells what kind of species) or That whale WITH THE UNUSUAL MARKINGS is our favorite. (tells which whale) |
| adverb phrase | prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb; examples: The porpoises performed WITH EASE. (tells how) or Shows begin ON THE HOUR. (tells when) |
| conjunction | connects words or word groups |
| coordinating conjunction | AND, BUT, and OR join ideas that are similar; remember to place a comma before you write sentences; example: Craig gets in trouble, BUT he usually gets out of it. |
| correlative conjunction | EITHER/OR, NEITHER/NOR, BOTH/AND join pairs of ideas |
| subordinating conjunction | connects an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses; examples: since, before, unless, however |
| interjections | a word or group of words that expresses strong feeling; example: WELL, Snoopy is at the typewriter again. |
| infinitive | a verb that functions as a noun or adjective; the word TO precedes the verb in an infinitive; example: Someday, I would like TO WRITE beautiful poetry. |
| infinitive phrase | phrase that includes the infinitive, it's objects, and the objects modifiers |
| gerund | a verb ending in -ing and functions as a noun; example: ESTIMATING is an important mathematics skill. |
| gerund phrase | includes the gerund, its object, and its object's modifiers; WRITING A BEST SELLER is the goal of every novelist. |
| participle | verb that functions as an adjective; example: A RUNNING horse galloped down the road. |
| participle phrase | phrase that includes the participle, its modifier, and its objects; example: The child, FLASHING A MISCHIEVOUS SMILE, turned and walked away. |
| collective noun | common noun that names a group with more than one member; examples: jury, brigade, staff |
| mass noun | a common noun that cannot be easily separated into countable units; examples: water, sand, gold, cement, air |
| demonstrative pronoun | points out particular person, place, or things |
| indefinite pronoun | points out person, places, or things, but less clearly; |
| interrogative pronoun | pronoun that asks a question; examples: who, whom, whose, what, which |
| concrete noun | names things you can see and touch; examples: pizza, kitten, diamond |
| abstract noun | names an idea, quality, action, or feeling |
| intensive pronoun | emphasizes its antecedent; adds emphasis to pronoun or named noun; examples: I MYSELF will go. |
| personal pronoun | takes the place of a noun or nouns; they show number and gender; example: singular: I, me, my, mine, you, your, yours, he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its / plural: we, us, our, ours, you, your, yours, they, them, their, theirs |
| relative pronoun | linked group of words preceding noun or pronoun; examples: who, which, that |
| common prepositions | about, behind, above, across, as, after, between, beyond, beside, despite, during, for, inside, in, near, off, outside, onto, opposite, around, against, along, at, before, below, beneath, but, by, down, except, from, into, like, out, over, of, opposite, past, toward, under, upon within, since, through, until, underneath, with |
| common articles | a, and, the |
| coordinating conjunctions | for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so |
| parts of speech | adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections, nouns, pronouns, prepositions, verbs |
| types of nouns | common, proper, compound, collective |
| types of verbs | action, linking, helping, phrases |
| types of helping verbs | do, does, did, have, has, had, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must |
| common linking verbs | be, feel, grow, seem, smell, remain, appear, sound, stay, look, taste, turn, become, am, are, is, was, were, am being, can be, have been |
| types of adjectives | common, proper, compound, articles, indefinite articles |
| types of indefinite articles | another, each, neither, many, all, more, other, both, either, few, several, any, most, some |
| common adverbs (non -ly) | afterward, already, quick, hard, never, today, even, low, rather, tomorrow, how, now, then, yesterday, late, often, almost, back, long, soon, when, here, next, still, where, far, more, slow, too, fast, near, so |
| common pronouns | I, me, mine, my, we, us, our, ours, you, your, yours, he, she, him, her, his, it, them, them, their, theirs, its |
| types of demonstrative pronouns | this, that, these, those |
| types of indefinite pronouns | anything, no one, all, some, several |
| sentence subject | a sentence that has a simple predicate but has two subjects |
| sentence predicate | Part of a sentence that tells who or what the subject is doing (contains a verb). |
| dependent clause/sentence fragment | does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence, even though it has a subject and a verb, |
| independent clause/sentence | expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Has both a subject and a verb. |
| proper noun | a SPECIFIC person, place, thing, or idea |
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