| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Auxin (natural IAA) | Promotes plant growth & phototropism |
| cytokinins | Cell division and differentiation (tissue growth) |
| gibberellins | Promotes stem & leaf elongation |
| brassinosteroids | STOPS root growth; retard leaf abscission, promote xylem differentiation |
| abscicic acid (ABA) | inhibits growth; seed dormancy |
| ethylene | a GAS! promotes fruit ripening [positive feedback], Apoptosis for programmed cell death; leaf abscission; works in opposition to auxin |
| Xylem | Dead cells at maturity that transfer water from roots to shoot |
| Ploem | Living cells at maturity that transfer sugar and photosynthesis products throughout plant |
| Root Hair | An extension of a plant root that has an increased surface area for the absorption of water and dissolved minerals from the soil |
| Stoma | A small epidermal pore, surrounded by two guard cells, through which gases diffuse in and out of a leaf. |
| Archegonium | Female sex organ where eggs are made |
| Antheridium | Male sex organ where sperm are made |
| Adventitious Root | Above ground roots that cling to things except for soil |
| Endosperm | A substance (3n), formed from a triploid nucleus in angiosperm reproduction, that nourishes a developing embryo within a seed. |
| Primary Growth | Increase of length of plant by apical meristems at the tips of roots and stems |
| Secondary Growth | Lateral meristems that increase the width of the plant |
| Function of Leaves | 1) Spines are for protection 2) Water storage 3) Trapping prey such as venus flytrap (tiny hairs for trapping) and pitcher plant (slippery slope enzymes) |
| Vegetative Propagation & Grafting | Asexual reproduction in which plants produce genetically identical offshoots (clones) of themselves, which then develop into independent plants Ex) tubers, runners & bulbs |
| Vegetative Propagation: Bulbs | Short underground stems ex) onions |
| Vegetative Propagation: Runners | Horizontal stems above ground ex) strawberries |
| Vegetative Propagation: Tubers | Underground stems ex) potatoes |
| Vegetative Propagation: Grafting | Cutting a stem and attaching it to related plant ex) seedless oranges |
| Gravitropism | How plants respond to gravity: ex) stems have negative gravitropism but roots have + gravitropism |
| Phototropism | How plants respond to light: always towards it b/c unequal distribution of auxin |
| Thigmotropism | How plants respond to touch ex) ivy around a post |
| Phytochrome | Light receptor pigment in photoperiodism. Pr (red-light absorbing) vs Pfr (infrared light absorbing) In short-day plants, it stops flowering but in long-day plants it induces flowering |
| Photoperiodism | Plant flower response to changes in amount of daylight & darkness (circadian rhythm) |
| What organs do flowering plants have? | Stamen (male parts), Pistil (F parts), Sepals, Petals (SSPP) |
| Short-day plants | Require long period of darkness (fall) |
| Long-day plants | Require short period of darkness (short-night plant) (spring & summer) |
| Day-neutral plants | Don't flower in response to daylight changes...They use other cues such as water or temp. |
| How do plants grow? | Embryonic tissues called meristems continually divide during cell growth |
| Contrast Primary and Secondary Growth | Primary: apical meristems elongates plant vertically // Secondary: Lateral meristems increases the width |
| Name 3 plant tissues | 1) Dermal tissue covers & protects plants--endodermis (Casparian strip w. suberin), epidermis / cuticle 2) Vascular tissue--xylem & phloem (transports nutrients) 3) Ground tissue--support, storage & photosynthesis |
| What is the most common cell type in a plant? | Parenchymal cell found almost in any part of the plant that is alive at maturity |
| Vascular Cambium | Tissue that produces new vascular cells; between the xylem and phloem in dicot stems. |
| Transpiration | Plants losing water through evaporation |
| Pith | Plant tissue at center of stem for nutrient storage |
| Petal | Modified leaf, usually brightly colored, that attracts insects and other pollen- carrying animals to the flower. |
| Guard Cell | One of the two epidermal cells that surround the stoma of the leaf and regulate gas exchange by opening and closing the stoma (due to Changes in Potassium K+ level) |
| How does a Plant keep track of time? | By converting Pr --> Pfr during light exposure and reverting Pfr --> Pr during the night |
| The female reproductive structure is called___ and the male reproductive structure is called ______ | F: Carpel/Pistil M: Stamen |
| The Pistil includes the ____ and the stamen includes the _____ | Pistil: ovary, style, stigma and Stamen: anther and filament |
| Polar Nuclei | 2 nuclei, within the same cell, created from the mitotic division of the megaspore during angiosperm reproduction; unite in the ovule to form a fusion nucleus, which gives rise to endosperm when fertilized |
| Double Fertilization | joining of haploid gametes to create a diploid zygote, and the simultaneous joining of a second sperm cell with a fusion nucleus to create a triploid nucleus (which becomes the endosperm). |
| Megaspores | Develops into female gamteophytes (n) |
| Microspores (pollen grains) | Develops into male gametophytes (n) |
| Cotyledon | Leaf seed of plant embryo; monocot embryos have 1, and dicot embryos have 2 |
| Sieve tube elements | A living conductive cell of phloem. |
| Cork cambium | the cork cambium is located just inside the cork (bark)covering of a woody stem. As the plant shoot or root grows in width, the cork cambium produces more cork to serve as protective covering for the plant. |
| Pollen Tube | Contains 2 sperm that tries to reach the ovule. This is a GAMETOPHYTE generation (n) |
| Difference between stoma & guard cell? | Stoma: hole on leaf for gas exchange // Guard Cells: Cells on the side of the stoma that regulate opening/closing |
| Difference between stele & Cortex | Cortex is the tissue btwn epidermis & vascular tissue separated from the stele by the Casparian Strip. Stele is the inner central vascular tissue |
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