Unit 6- Chp 35 Plant Form and Function
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argmaster92 on November 9, 2009
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79 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 plasticity | an organism's ability to alter or mold itself in response to local environmental conditions. |
| morphology | external form |
| root system | consists of the root |
| shoot system | consists of the stem and leaves |
| root | organ that anchors a vascular plant, absorbs minerals and water, and often stores organic nutrients. |
| taproot system | consisting of one main vertical root that develops from an embryonic root. |
| lateral roots | also called branch roots |
| fibrous root system | mat of generally thin roots spreading out below the soil surface with no root standing out as the main one. |
| Adventitious | describing any plant part that grows in an unusual location. |
| root hair | extension of a root epidermal cell |
| stem | an organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes |
| nodes | the points at which leaves are attached |
| internodes | stem segments between nodes |
| axillary bud | a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, commonly called a branch |
| terminal bud | holds developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes |
| apical dominance | evolutionary adaptation that increases the plant's exposure to light |
| petiole | joins the leaf to a node of the stem |
| blade | flat part of leaf |
| veins | vascular tissue of leaves |
| dermal tissue system | outer protective covering |
| epidermis | single layer of tightly packed cells |
| periderm | replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots |
| cuticle | a waxy coating in the epidermis of leaves and most stems that prevent water loss |
| xylem | vascular tissue that conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots. |
| phloem | vascular tissue that transports organic nutrients such as sugars from where they are made to where they are needed( usually the leaves) usually roots and sites of growth such as developing leaves and fruits. |
| vascular tissue system | carries out long distance transport of materials between roots and shoots |
| stele | the vascular tissue of a root or stem |
| vascular cylinder | form the stele is in the root |
| vascular bundles | strands of xylem and phloem in the stele of stems and leaves |
| ground tissue system | tissue that is not vascular nor dermal |
| pith | ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue |
| cortex | ground tissue that is external to the vascular tissue |
| protoplast | cell contents exclusive of the cell wall |
| tracheids and vessel elements | water conducting cell |
| indeterminate growth | growth occurs throughout the plant's life |
| determinate growth | cease growing after reaching a certain size |
| annuals | plants that complete life cycle in about one year |
| biennials | plants that generally live 2 years |
| perennials | live many years and include trees, shrubs, and some grasses. |
| meristems | embryonic tissue that allow plants of indeterminate growth |
| apical meristems | located at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that make the plant grow in length |
| primary growth | plant grows upward or downwards |
| herbaceous | nonwoody plants |
| secondary growth | grows in thickness |
| lateral meristems | the vascular cambium and cork cambium that causes secondary growth |
| vascular cambium | adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem |
| cork cambium | replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher |
| initials | cells that remain as sources of new cells |
| derivatives | new cells displaced from the meristem that continue to divide until the cells they produce become specialized within developing tissues. |
| primary plant body | the parts of the root and shoot systems produced by apical meristems |
| root cap | protects the delicate apical meristem as the root pushes through the abrasive soil during primary growth |
| zone of cell division | includes the root apical meristem and its derivatives |
| zone of elongation | root cells elongate sometimes to more than ten times their orignal length |
| zone of maturation | cells complete their differentiation and become functionally mature |
| endodermis | a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary with the vascular cylinder |
| pericycle | the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder |
| leaf primordia | finger like projections along the flanks of the apical meristem |
| guard cells | regulate the opening and closing of the pore |
| palisade mesophyll | consists of one or more layers of elongated cells on the upper part of the leaf |
| spongy mesophyll | below the palisade mesophyll |
| leaf traces | connections from vascular bundles in the stem |
| bundle sheath | consisting of one or more layers of cells usually parenchyma cells |
| secondary plant body | consists of the tissue produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium |
| fusiform initials | produce elongated cells such as the tracheids, vessels elements, and fibers of the xylem, as well as the sieve tube members, companion cells, parenchyma, and fibers of the phloem |
| ray initials | produce vascular rays, radial files consisting mainly of parenchyma cells |
| heartwood | layers closer to the center of a stem or root |
| sapwood | outer layers that transport xylem sap |
| lenticels | dotting the periderm with small raised areas in which there is more space between the cork cells, enabling living cells within a woody stem or root to exchange gases with the outside air |
| bark | includes all tissues external to the vascular cambium |
| morphogenesis | development of body form and organization |
| asymmetrical cell division | where one daughter cell recieves more cytoplasm than the other during mitosis |
| prephophase band | microtubules in the cytoplasm that become concentrated into a ring |
| pattern formation | development of specific structures in specific locations |
| positional information | form of signals that continuously indicate to each cell its location within a developing structure |
| polarity | the condition of having structural differences at opposite ends of an organism |
| phase changes | the morphological changes that arise from these transitions in shoot apical meristem activity |
| meristem identity genes | transition form vegetative growth to flowering |
| organ identity genes | regulate the development of this characteristic floral pattern |
| ABC model | identifies how these genes direct the formation of the four types of floral organs |
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