Sociology
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Created by:
TheEssentialCake on September 19, 2012
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58 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Social Location | Corners of life that people occupy; Jobs, social class, race, and occupation |
| Augusta Comte | Founder of sociology From France 1st sociologist to advocate positivism |
| Herbert Spencer | Disagreed with Comte that sociology should guide reform societies evolve from lower to higher forms From England Coined the phrase "Survival of the fittest" |
| Emile Durkheim | 1st professor of sociology |
| Max Weber | From Germany Religion is the central force of social change |
| Harriet Martineau | Known for translating Comte's work from French to English Published "Society in America" before Durkheim and Weber were born |
| W.E.B. DuBois | 1st African American to earn a PHD from Harvard Published a book every year from 1896-1914 on race relations between blacks and whites Founded the N.A.A.C.P. |
| Jane Adams | Worked tirelessly for social justice co-founded Hull House in 1889 campaigned against child labor |
| C. Wright Mills | Urged sociologists to get back to reform believed our freedom was being threatened by the "Power Elite" |
| Applied Sociology | used to solve problems |
| Symbolic interactionism | face to face interactions |
| Functional Analysis | Relationships among parts of society Structure of society |
| Karl Marx | Founded the Conflict Theory |
| Conflict Theory | The struggle for scarce resources by groups in a society |
| Quantitative | numbers data |
| Surveys | One of the most commonly used methods of sociological research |
| What are the two factors that surveys must be? | Random and representative of the population |
| What are the advantages of surveys? | The researcher is able to reach a large number of people at one time |
| What are the disadvantages of surveys? | Low response rates and people may not be truthful |
| Participant observation | The researcher observes individuals and they are aware of his presence |
| unobtrusive observation | The researcher observes individuals without the knowledge of his presence |
| Eight Basic Steps to Sociological Research | 1. Select a topic 2. Define the problem 3. Review the literature 4. Formulate a hypothesis 5. Choose a research method 6. Collect the data 7. Analyze the results 8. Share the results |
| Culture | Language, beliefs, values, norms, and behavior passed from one generation to the next |
| ethnocentrism | "Our culture is the best" |
| Culture Shock | Coming into contact with a culture different from our own |
| culture relativism | understanding a culture practices from perspectives |
| Material culture | unnatural (clothes, jewelery, art, buildings, weapons, hairstyles) |
| Symbolic cultures | Symbols, gestures, languages, norms, and values |
| non-material cultures | A groups way of thinking (beliefs, values, and assumptions about the world) |
| Norms | Expectations or rules for behavior |
| Sanctions | Reactions to following or breaking norms |
| Folkways | Norms that are not enforced |
| Mores (more-ays) | Norms when broken go against societies basic core values |
| Taboos | Norms when broken are considered repulsive |
| Subcultures | A world within a dominant culture whose norms and values DO NOT clash with the dominant cultures |
| Countercultures | A world within a dominant culture whose norms and values DO clash with the dominant cultures |
| Value Clusters | Values that are similar |
| Value Contradictions | Values that contradict |
| 5 Emerging Values | 1. Leisure 2. Self-fulfillment 3. Physical fitness 4. Youthfulness 5. Concern for the environment |
| Ideal | values, norms, and goals that are ideal |
| What does technology do to culture? | Sets the frame work for non material culture |
| Cultural diffusion | Spreading cultural characteristis to another culture |
| Cultural leveling | when cultures become similar |
| What is the age range for Childhood? | From birth to about age 12 |
| What is the age range for adolescence? | From ages 13-17 |
| What is the age range for Transitional adulthood? | From ages 18-29 |
| What is the age range for middle years? | From ages 29-65 |
| What is the age range for older years? | From ages 65 and up |
| Macro-sociology | Large scale features |
| Micro-sociology | Focus on social interactions |
| What do status divide people by? | 1. Ascribed 2. Achieved 3. Master 4. Status held |
| Roles | Behaviors associated with ones status |
| Groups | People who regularly and consciously interact and think of themselves as belonging together |
| Social institutions | means developed by societies to meet basic needs |
| What are the four levels of personal space? What are their distances? | Intimate- touching Personal- 18ft Social- 4-12ft Public- 12ft and further |
| Role conflict | Conflict between separate roles |
| Role Strain | A strain within the same role |
| Ethnomethodology | The study of how people use background assumptions to get through everyday life |
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