35 terms

Terms	Definitions
Organic Compounds	the study of carbon-based molecules
Hydrocarbons	is the simplest organic compound
Functional Groups	are the groups of atoms that usually participate in chemical reactions
Macromolecules	four main classes of large biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
Polymers	a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar molecular units, called monomers, covalently joined together in a chain
Monomers	small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
Dehydration reaction	a chemical reaction that removes molecules from water
Hydrolysis	means to break (lyse) with water (hydro)
Carbohydrates	is commonly known as "carbs," are sugars or sugar polymers.
Monosaccharides	simple sugars, that cannot be broken down by hydrolysis into smaller sugars. Common examples are glucose and fructose.
Isomers	glucose and fructose are examples of molecules that have the same molecular form but different structures.
Disaccharides	or double ringed sugars is contracted from two monosaccharides through a dehydration reaction. Lactose is one that is made from the monosaccharide glucose and galactose.
Polysaccharides	are complex carbohydrates that are long chains of sugar units - polymers of monosaccharides, One example is starch
Starch	consist of many glucose monomers strung together.
Glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
Lipids	organic compounds that are hydrophobic that don't mix with water
Fat	organic compound consisting of a three-carbon backbone (glycerol) attached to three fatty acids
Triglyceride	Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Unsaturated	fatty acids that has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens at the location of a double bonds
Saturated	fatty acids that contain the maximum number if hydrogen atoms
Trans fat	type of unsaturated fat that is even less healthy than saturated fat
Steroids	are classified as lipids because they are hydrophobic, which are different from fat in structure and function
Proteins	is a polymer constructed from amino acid monomers
Amino acids	small units that are linked together chemically to form large protein molecules
Peptide bond	A bond that links amino acids together in a protein
Polypeptide	chain of linked amino acids
Primary structure	The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids.
Denaturation	is the loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor
Nucleic acids	are macromolecules that provide the directions for building proteins
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring.
RNA	ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis
gene	sequence of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
Nucleotides	nucleic acids are polymers made from monomers
sugar-phosphate backbone	a repeating pattern of sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate, with the bases (A,T,C, or G)hanging off the backbone like an appendage.
double helix	a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis

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