Chapter 4
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l0ts0fl0ve on September 20, 2012
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The Cell
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52 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 actin filament | Cytoskeletal filaments of eukaryotic cells composed of the protein actin; also refers to the thin filaments of muscle cells |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | Nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups. The breakdown of ATP into ADP + P makes energy available for energy-requiring processes in cells |
| adhesion junction | Junction between cells in which the adjacent plasma membranes do not touch but are held together by intercellular filaments attached to buttonlike thickenings |
| capsule | Gelatinous layer surrounding the cells of green algae and certain bacteria |
| cell | Smallest unit that displays the properties of life; composed of cytoplasm surrounded by the plasma membrane |
| cell theory | One of the major theories of biology, which states that all organisms are made up of cells; cells are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting cells |
| cellular respiration | metabolic reactions that uses the energy from carbohydrate, fatty acid, or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecules |
| cell wall | A structure that surrounds plant protistan, fungal, or bacterial cell and maintains it's rigidity and shape |
| centriole | Protein machine that makes the spindle fibers |
| centrosome | Organizes the production of protein "roads" aka spindle fibers |
| chloroplast | Membrane-bounded organelle in algae and plants with chlorophyll-containing membranous thylakoids; where photosynthesis takes place |
| chromatin | DNA when it's unwound and messy |
| chromosome | Packed up bunch of DNA that travels as a unit |
| cilium | (pl. cilia) Short, hair-like projection from the plasma membrane, occurring usually in larger numbers |
| conjugation pili | Tubular, rigid bacterial structures that enable the transmission of DNA from cell to cell |
| cristae | Short, fingerlike projections formed by the folding of the inner membrane of mitochondria |
| cytoplasm | The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane |
| cytoskeleton | Internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments |
| endomembrane system | The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | System of membranous saccules and channels in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes |
| eukaryotic cell | a type of cell that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. all organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of these types of cells |
| extracellular matrix (ECM) | Meshwork of polysaccharides and proteins that provides support for an animal cell and affects its behavior |
| fimbriae | (s. fimbria) Small, bristlelike fiber on the surface of a bacterial cells that enable them to adhere to surfaces |
| flagellum | (pl. flagella), Long, slender extension used for locomotion by some bacteria, protozoans, and sperm |
| gap junction | Junction between cells formed by the joining of two adjacent plasma membranes; it lends strength and allows ions, sugars, and small molecules to pass between cells. |
| Golgi apparatus | Organelle, consisting of saccules and vesicles, that processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell |
| granum | Stack of chlorophyll-containing thylakoids in a chloroplast |
| lysosome | Membrane-bounded vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules |
| matrix | Unstructured semifluid substance that fills the space between cells in connective tissues or inside organelles |
| microtubule | Small, cylindrical organelle composed of tubulin protein around an empty central core; present in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella. |
| mitochondrion | Membrane-bounded organelle in which ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration |
| motor protein | Protein associated with the cytoskeleton; allows movement of transport vesicles and organelles |
| nuclear envelope | Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum; has pores that allow substances to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm |
| nuclear pore | Opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus |
| nucleoid | Region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located; it is not bounded by a nuclear envelope |
| nucleolus | In the nucleus, a dark-staining, spherical body that produces ribosomal subunits |
| nucleus | Membrane-bounded organelle within a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell |
| organelle | Small, often membranous structure in the cytoplasm having a specific structure and function |
| plasma membrane | Membrane surrounding the cytoplasm; consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. It regulates the entrance and exit of molecules from a cell |
| plasmodesmata | In plants, cytoplasmic strands that extend through pores in the cell wall and connect the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells |
| prokaryotic cell | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea |
| ribosome | RNA and protein in two subunits; site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. |
| rough ER | Membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in cells; has attached ribosomes |
| secretion | Release of substance by exocytosis from a cell that may be a gland or part of a gland |
| smooth ER | Membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in eukaryotic cells; lacks attached ribosomes |
| stroma | (pl. stromata) Small opening between two guard cells on the underside of leaf epidermis through which gases pass |
| surface-area-to-volume ratio | Ratio of a cell's outside area to its internal volume |
| thylakoid | Flattened sac within a granum whose membrane contains chlorophyll and where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur |
| tight junction | Junction between cells when adjacent plasma membrane proteins join to form an impermeable barrier |
| transport vesicles | Small, membranous sacs that carry products between endomembrane system organelles and prevent the products from entering the cytoplasm |
| vacuole | Membrane-bounded sac, larger than a vesicle; usually functions in storage and can contain a variety of substances. In plants, the central vacuole fills much of the interior of the cell |
| vesicle | A small, membrane-bound sac that transports substances in cells |
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