Aquatic Bio Exam 1
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99 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Density temperature relationship | density increases as temperature decreases until it gets to 4 C then it decreases as temperature decreases. |
| Density salaninty relationship | density increases as salinity increases. therefore freshwater rolls over salt water |
| Reynolds number | inertia/viscosity- U(speed of organisms)d(size(length))/v (coefficient of viscosity) |
| smaller Re | viscosity dominates (continuous power swimming, sink slowly) |
| larger Re | inertia dominates (power stroke then coast swimming, sink rapidly) |
| oxygen solubility vs salinity | gas decreases as salinity increases |
| distribution of water | 97% oceans 3%other-> icecaps glaciers, and inland seas 77%, ground water 22%, other 1%-> lakes 61%, atmosphere, soil moisture 39%, rivers less than 4/10% |
| water usable by humans | 0.3% |
| riparian zone | bank |
| unconfined vs confined aquifer | unconfined- water seeps in from ground surface confined- recharge zone surface water infiltrates permeable layers. Impermeable layers keep water within aquifer (under pressure no pumping required for well) |
| lentic | lake |
| lotic | stream |
| lake depth | max depth> 3 meters |
| pond depth | max depth<3 meters |
| litteral zone: benthic region | shallow, light penetrates to sediments, stucturally complex, variable conditions, strongly influenced by shore and sediments, high dissolved oxygen |
| epilitteral | shore just above water line |
| upper littoral | emergent macrophytes |
| middle littoral | floating leaved plants |
| lower littoral | submerged macrophytes |
| sublittoral:benthic | transitional, dim light no macrophytes abundant dissolved oxygen, decreased diversity |
| profundal zone: benthic | deep water very fine sediments, low oxygen, low species diversity |
| pelagic zone | open/deeper water, less influenced by shore and bottom sediments |
| photic zone | (trophogenic region) sufficient light for photosynthesis. includes littoral and pelagic |
| aphotic | (tropholytic region) insufficient light |
| biological communities | benthic (bottom), open water (plankton), |
| detrital community | bacteria, fungi, some animals, processes 90% of ecosystems energy, very significant in aquatic systems |
| oligotrophic lakes | low rates of primary production (new organic material produced(photosynthesis)) |
| eutrophic | high rates of primary production. lakes tend to become more eutrophic over time |
| lake morphometry | important factor in determining lake productivity and species diversity. rate of sediment accumulation, lake metabolism. cycling of nutrients (shallow rapid) |
| maximum length | greatest distance over water between two shoreline points. longer distance more energy |
| wind effective length | greatest distance over water relative to the prevailing wind direction |
| surface area | (A) important in gas exchange, solar energy, comparison of lakes |
| watershed area/ lake ratio (oligotrophic vs eutrophic) | oligotrophic low ratio. eutrophic high ratio |
| Shoreline length | (L) distance along shoreline |
| shoreline development index | D>l compares shoreline length to area. Dl= L/2sqrt(piA) Dl=1 oligotrophic lake (circular) Dl=3 eutropic lake (irregular)- more shoreline, more literal zone (productive region) |
| isobaths | lines joining positions of equal depth on contour map |
| depth symbol- & max depth | Z, Zm |
| mean depth | - - Z important index of lake productivity. Z (m) = Vm3/Am2 |
| Thieneman | - Z >18m lake tends to be oligotrophic - Z<18m lake tends to be eutrophic |
| rawson | correlated plankton biomass (productivity) with mean depth. Lakes with small mean depth have significantly higher productivity |
| shallow lakes and productivity | more extensive littoral zone areas, greater proportion of lake volume in photic zone, increased cycling of nutrients between sediments and water |
| lake districts | natural lakes formed by a variety of geological processes. not uniformly distributed Example north america.( many lakes located above 40 N latitude |
| Glacial lakes | formed millions of lakes in high latitudes of the northern hemisphere |
| glacial till | debris carried by glacier |
| outwash | till carried by melt |
| moraine (ground, lateral, terminal) | piles of till deposited directly over which moved by glacier ground- till on ground surface over which glacier moved lateral- till pushed to sides of glacier as it moves down a valley terminal- till pushed ahead of an advancing glacier |
| tectonic lakes (graben/rift) | sinking of isolated blocks of crust between 2 parallel fault lines. deepest lakes, elongated in shape |
| valcanic origin (caldera lake) | collapse of magma chamber under valcano. circular, steep sided, deep (less erosion, less nutrients, small littoral zone, small watershed area) |
| valcanic origin (maar lake) | explosive origin, magma encounters ground water, small surface area, circular |
| solution lakes | geological formations of limestone and/or dolemite. ground water dissolves minerals forming fissure cracks. |
| oxbow lake | cresent shaped basin. isolated meander of a stream |
| playa | wind erosion basin- shallow basin formed by wind, erodible soils, |
| relic lake | remnants of lake basins that existed in the past |
| biological origin of lake | impoundments, wallows (playas), human |
| stratification | density differences of water masses due to temperature and salinity differences |
| epilimnion | oxygen levels higher due to photosynthesis and wind. warmer less dense.variable. mixing occurs until bottom of epilimnion. low nutrients |
| metalimnion | (thermocline) middle layer |
| hypolimnion | under metalimnion. stagnant. high nutrients because of decomposition, regeneration of nutrients. low oxygen. cold more dense water. temperature steady |
| thermal bar | horizontal temperature stratification. large lakes warming of near-shore water |
| overturn | breakdown of stratification. equilization of temperature. allows mixing of water layer and contents. replenishes O2 in hypolimnion. replenishes nutrients in epilimnion |
| mixing patterns depend on | latitude, altitude, topography, morphometry |
| amixis | permanently stratified (ice cover) |
| meromixis | mixing of part of lake volume. in very deep lakes. salinity stratification. upper part of lake. |
| chemocline | separation between mixolimnion and monimolimnion in meromixis |
| holomixis | mixing of entire lake volume. wind driven |
| dimictic | two overturns/year |
| cold monomictic | overturn/year in summer. stratified in fall-winter-spring. strong winds and shallow depth (ice cover) |
| warm monomictic | one overturn/ year in winter. stratified in spring-summer-fall. (no ice cover) |
| polymicic | frequent or continuous mixing. tropical and high altitude. night cooling disrupts stratification. daytime warming stratifies. large surface area shallow lake. wind effective in disrupting stratification. |
| oligomictic | mixing events rare and irregular. little seasonal changes. |
| water movement importance | distributes materials (heat, nutrients, dissolved gases, sediments) transports organisms (plankton exposed to rapidly changing conditions must acclimate quickly) |
| lake current velocities | 0-30 cm/sec 30- larger lake |
| wind shear | ~3% wind's energy transfered to water. |
| convection | evaporative and radiative cooling. produces cooler denser water. sinking water |
| horizontal surface current | wind induced ~2% wind |
| coriolis effect | current direction deflected to right in the northern hemisphere. drift disperses and concentrates materials |
| gyres | large scale circular turbulance patterns |
| ekman spiral | turbulence between water layers distributes materials |
| seiches | (standing waves) most apparent in large lakes. sloshing back and forth |
| Langmuir spirals | interaction of surface drift and surface gravity waves. zones of convergence and divergence. windrows. concentrates materials/plankton and verticle mixing. |
| internal waves | propogated along thermocline. breaking internal waves speed transfer of materials between epilimnion and hypolimnion |
| factors affecting wind generated currents | surface area, wind effective length, strength and duration of winds, topography |
| vertical oxygen profiles | affected by thermal stratification. biological activity(O2 production- photosynthesis. O2 consumption- respiration) |
| orthograde pattern | O2 saturated at all depths. mixing in lakes of low to moderate production |
| clinograde pattern | statified lake. high productivity. O2 saturated in epilimnion. O2 depletion in hypolimnion |
| heterograde pattern | O2 maximum at an intermediate depth. light penetration below thermocline. algal plate- light, nutrients |
| seasonal oxygen patterns | clinograde in summer. orthograde rest of the year |
| vertical light profiles | primary production profile (photosynthetic). oxygen profile. trigger behaviors in animals. visual sense- predation |
| angle of incident light | sun angle (changes w/ time of day & season) |
| waves effect on reflectance | calm- medium reflectance light chop- low reflectance heavy chop- high reflectance |
| ice cover effect on reflectance | clear ice- little effect cloudy ice or snow cover0 high reflectance |
| cloud cover | reduces sun angle intensity. diffusion of light. light cloud cover might increase light intensity |
| turbidity effect | suspended sediment & organisms.shifts wavelenghts of maximum transmittance towards red wavelengths. increases scattering of blue wavelengths compared to red. more turbid more light absorbed. |
| secci depth | more shallow more productive |
| main form of dissolved inorganic carbon | bicarbonate (increases PH) |
| dissoved organic carbon | source- decomposition or secretion. energy resource for microbes |
| Particulate organic material | living and dead organisms. fecal pellets. |
| Photosynthesis effect on lake | removes CO2. raises PH |
| Respiration effect on lake | releases CO2. lowers PH |
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