World History Vocab. Set #3
About this set
Created by:
mmmatt on November 10, 2009
Subjects:
world history ap, world history ap vocab
Description:
Test is December 2nd.
If you have a complete definition for a word that does not have one accompanying it, please send it to me.
Classes:
Mr. Scott's English Class, CAHS
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117 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Toltecs | Nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of sedentary agriculture in Mesoamerica; established capital at Tula after migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice. |
| Topiltzin | Religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs in 10th century; dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula; pledged to come back on same day he left |
| Quetzalcoatl | Aztec god, the "feathered serpent," who was borrowed origionally from the Toltecs; was believed to have been defeated by another god and exiled, and he promised to return riding on a cloud. |
| Aztecs | (1200-1521) also known as Mexica, they made capital Tenochtitlan over Lake Texcoco, Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. |
| Lake Texcoco | lake where the pair of islands was located on which the Aztec built their civilization; location of present-day Mexico City |
| Tenochtitlan | A city built by the Aztecs in a swamp in the center of Lake Texcoco. They built it there because Huitzilopochtli told them to build their city where they saw an eagle on a cactus with a snake in it's beak. |
| Moctezuma II | a, (1466-1520) Last Aztec emperor, overthrow by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes. He tried to be diplomatic but basically became trapped in his own palace. He was executed even though they gave the Spanish his ransom money. |
| Tlaloc | one of the major Aztec gods associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle as the god of rain |
| Huitzilopochtli | Aztec tribal partron. Central figure in the cult of warfare and sacrifice. United with anchient agricultural god of the sedentary peoples of Mesoamerica, Tlaloc, when temple of Tenochtitlan was dedicated to them both. |
| Nezhualcoyotl | King of Texcoco. Wrote hymns to the "lord of the close vicinity" (an invisible creative force that supported the gods) that survived in oral form until being written down in the 16th century. His poetry wondered about life after death and the existence of the gods. Believed in a monotheistic concept. |
| Chinampas | Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs |
| Pochtea | Special merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long- distance trade in luxury items |
| Calpulli | Clans in Aztec society, later explanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors |
| Maize | The Olmecs were the first to grow this plant, also known as corn. |
| Speaker | a noble that ruled each city-state |
| Incas | Ancient civilization (1200-1500AD) that was located in the Andes in Peru |
| Chimor | the most powerful Andean state between 900-1465 following the decline of Tihuanaco and Huari |
| Pachacuti | Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca |
| Twantinsuyu | Word for Inca Empire; region from present-day Columbia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina |
| Split Inheritance | Inca practice of descent, all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendents for support of cult of dead Inca's mummy |
| Temple of the Sun at Cuzco | temple where the past incans were kept after death. |
| Quechua | the Inca language that was imposed to unite the empire. |
| Tambos | Way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies on move; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages |
| Mita | Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control. |
| Parrallel Descent | males could pass their possessions to their male descendants and women could pass their possessions along to their female descendants |
| Ayllus | In Incan society, a clan or community that worked together on projects required by the ruler |
| Yanas | A class of people within Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the inca or the Inca nobility. |
| Incan Cultural Achievement | Beautiful pottery and cloth were produced. Metalworking was very advanced in Americas, artisans worked gold and silver. Also used copper and some bronze for weapons and tools. Ran empire with no system of writing, instead relying on quipu, a system of knotted strings, to record numerical and other information. Had ingenious agricultural terraces on the slopes of the Andes, using a complex system of irrigation to water their crops. The empire was linked together by abut 2500 miles of roads many of which span over rivers and mountain gorges. Stonecutting was very accurate and didn't use any form of masonry. |
| Quipu | System of knotted strings used by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records. |
| The Great Speaker | the ruler of Tenochtitlan |
| Wendi | Member of prominent northern Chinese family during the Period of the Six Dynasties; with support from northern nomadic peoples established Sui dynasty in 589. Had Great Canal built. |
| Sui | This dynasty ended the second warring states periodand reunited China around 589. |
| Yangdi | Second member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system; established milder legal code; extended father's conquests; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; assassinated in 618 by his own ministry. Ridiculous demands for building projects and loss of battles against Korea and Turks caused popular unrest and caused a revolt. |
| Li Yuan | Also known as Duke of Tang; minister for Yangdi; took over empire following assassination of Yangdi; first emperor of Tang dynasty; took imperial title of Gaozu. Laid basis for Golden Age of Tang. Saw repairing of the Great Wall and creation of frontier armies. Efficiently kept the nomadic people at bay. |
| Tang Dynasty | dynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria |
| Scholar-gentry | They were civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance from the Sui Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, China's last imperial dynasty. These officials mostly came from the well-educated men. These men had earned academic degrees by passing civil service examinations. The scholar-bureaucrats were schooled in calligraphy and Confucian texts. As a small fraction of them could become officials, the majority of the them stayed in local villages or cities as social leaders. They carried out social welfare measures, taught in private schools, helped decide minor legal disputes, supervised community projects, maintained local law and order, conducted Confucian ceremonies, assisted in the government's collection of taxes, and preached Confucian moral teachings. |
| Changan | New capital of China established during Tang dynasty under Emperor Yangdi. |
| Ministry of Rites | Administered several different kinds of exams to students from government schools or to those recommended by distinguished scholars. Exams on the philosophical and legal classics or even the most difficult exams on Chinese literature must be passed to reach the highest offices. |
| Jinshi | The title given to those that passed the exams administered by the Ministry of Rites. Had their names announced throughout the empire and their families' positions were secured by the prospect of high office that was opened up by their success. Must be addressed in a respectful manner. Had rank determined by further round of tests. Success in exams at all levels won these people special status in which they could wear special clothing, avoid corporal punishment, request acts of respect from commoners, and gained access to higher level of material comfort and refined pleasures that were enjoyed by members of the elite. |
| Mahayana Buddhism | one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone. Won widespread conversions as an escape from war and turmoil in China. |
| Chan | Known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation of appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society |
| Zen | the name of Chan Buddhism in Japan and the West |
| Empress Wu | She led the Tang Dynasty (625-705 AD); Only women emperor of China; supported Buddhist movement with contributing large sums to build and improve monasteries and reward Buddhist cooperation with grants of land. Tried to make Buddhism a state religion. Commissioned many Buddhist statues and paintings. |
| Emperor Wuzong | (841-847) allowed open persecution of Buddhists |
| Xuanzong | (713-756) Empress Wei poisoned her husband, the son of Empress Wu, to place her own son of the throne, but was thwarted by a prince who led a palace revolt against her. This emperor marked the peak of Tang power. Took strong interest to political and economic reforms but turned to pleasures and arts. Fell in love with Yang Guifei after death of second wife. After a great deal of popular unrest and a revolt, Yang Guifei was executed so he could remain emperor. |
| Song Dynasty | (960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; landscape black and white paintings. Also a golden age |
| Liao | The dynasty that ruled much of Manchuria and northeastern China from 947 to 1125. Forced China to pay tribute to avoid being invaded by them. |
| Tangut | Rulers of the Xi Xia kingdom of northwest china; one of the regional kingdoms during the period of Southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226. |
| Xi Xia | Kingdom of the Tangut people, north of Song Kingdom, in the mid-11th century; collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened chinese peasantry. |
| Wang Anshi | Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song emperor in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society. |
| Jurchens | Founders of Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south. |
| Yang Guifei | Young woman belonging to harem of Tang prince; raised to status of royal concubine during regin of Xuanzong due to his love for her; introduction of relatives into royal administration led to revolt. Revolt led to her execution. |
| Zhao Kuangyin | Founder of Song dynasty; originally a general following fall of Tang; took title of Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent. |
| Neo-Confucians | Neo = revival. The revival of confucianism in China during the Tang and Song dynasties. |
| Southern Song Dynasty | (1127-1279 C.E.) after Jurchens destroy Song capitol, move and establish new capitol and reclaim about 2/3 of former land |
| Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. (p. 277) |
| Silk Road | An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay. |
| Flying Money | Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency |
| Footbinding | The declining status of women in which they began to be treated as commodities is evidenced by the painful permanently hobbling of young girls in the practice of |
| Li Bo | Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings. |
| Taika Reforms | Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army. |
| Fujiwara Family | Ruling family in the 11th century where the central government power began to fall and feudal landowners began to dominate lands. The countryside was lawless and very dangerous at the time. |
| Bushi | regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies |
| Samurai | a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy |
| Seppuku | Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor. |
| Taira | Powerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with the Minamota family; defeated after the Gempei Wars. |
| Minamoto | Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th century Japan |
| Gempei Wars | waged for five years from 1180, on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira |
| Bakufu | Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai |
| Shoguns | Military leaders of the bakufu (military government in 12th-century Japan). |
| Daimyo | a japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai |
| Choson | earliest Korean Kingdom; conquered by Han emperor in 109 BCE |
| Koguryo | tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula; adopted cultural Sinification |
| Silla | Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668. |
| Paekche | Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated by rival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in 7th century. |
| Sinification | Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam. |
| Yi Dynasty | Korean dynasty that opened schools and made neo-Confucianism the state doctrine, in Hanyang. Ruled after Mongols were driven out in 1392. |
| Trung Sisters | Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions against the Chinese in Vietnam; revolt broke out in 39 CE; shows importance of Vietnamese women in the indigenous society. |
| Trinh Family | Definition Coming Soon! |
| Nguyen Family | Definition Coming Soon! |
| Kuriltai | Meeting of all Mongol chieftans at which the supreme ruler of all Mongol tribes was selected. |
| Khagan | Title for supreme ruler of all Mongol tribes |
| Tumens | Basic fighting units of the Mongol forces; consisted of 10,000 cavalrymen; each unit was further divided into units of 1000, 100 and 10. |
| Karakorum | Capital of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan, 1162 - 1227. |
| Batu | ruler of the golden horde; one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons; responsible for the invasion of Russia beginning in 1236. |
| Ogedai | Third son of Chinggis Khan; succeeded Chinggis Khan as khagan of the Mongols following his father's death. |
| Khanate of the Golden Horde | the Mongol empire, that, after the fall of Kiev, ruled all of southern Russia for 200 years |
| Berke Khan | Definition Coming Soon! |
| Kubilai Khan | Grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271. |
| Chabi | influential wife of Kubilai Khan; promoted interests of Buddhists in China; indicative of refusal of Mongol women to adopt the restrictive social conventions of the Chinese; died 1281 C.E. |
| White Lotus Society | Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule. Led a revolt against Qin Dynasty because of discontent with taxes. |
| Ju Yuanzhang | Chinese peasant who led successful revolt against Yuan in 14th century; founded Ming dynasty. |
| Ming Dynasty | A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia, 1368-1644 |
| Timur-I Lang | Definition Coming Soon! |
| Ottoman Turks | captured Constantinople in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul; as a result the Byzantine people flee to Italian City-States which becomes a catalyst for the expansion of language and art |
| Jin Kingdom | Definition Coming Soon! |
| Sufi | Muslim mystics who sought communion with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals |
| Zenghe | Definition Coming Soon! |
| Black Death | the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe |
| Italian Renaissance | 1350-1550, time of transition from medieval to modern times characterized by intellectual and political expansion as well as the rebirth of culture |
| Francesco Petrarch | Known as the father of Renaissance Humanism. He lived from 1304-1374 as a cleric and committed his life to humanistic pursuits and careful study of the classics. He resisted writing in the Italian vernacular except for his sonnets, which were composed to his "lady love" who spoke no Latin. |
| Giotto | 1267-1336. An artist who led the way into realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body |
| Vivaldi | Italian baroque composer and violinist (1675-1741) |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. |
| Cape of Good Hope | Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India |
| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | (1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. |
| Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. |
| Mercantilism | an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests |
| Fransisco Pizarro | landed in peru and encountered the Inca empire; 1531 came back to peru with permission; he snuck canons and archers around the city; if the emperor, Atahualpa refused to submit to christianity; Pizarro gave him a bible and emperor threw it on the ground; Pizarro attacked city and took emperor prisoner; executed emperor a few years later and appointed figureheads |
| Cape Colony | Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus. |
| Seven Year's War | Definition Coming Soon! |
| European-style Family | pattern involved late marriages, and a primary emphasis on nuclear families of parent and children rather than extended families characteristic of most agricultural civilizations |
| Proletariat | a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages |
| Absolutism | a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) |
| Enlightenment | a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions |
| Zu Xi | Definition Coming Soon! |
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