KHoey - Life Science
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keeganhoey on September 21, 2012
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ASVAB Life Science
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70 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 proteins | necessary for the body's maintenance, growth and repair |
| carbohydrates | include both starches and sugars major sources of energy for the body's metabolism |
| fats | also provide energy for metabolism three types: saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated |
| minerals | needed for a balanced diet. some necessary minerals are iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and sodium chloride |
| vitamins | necessary for a wide variety of physiological processes from bone hardness to healthy gums |
| fiber | passes through the body unchanged but is part of a healthy diet. provides bulk which allows the large intestine to carry away waste matter |
| water | essential for survival. body loses apprx four pints of water each day which must be replenished |
| arthropods | a huge animal phylum that includes insects and spiders have exoskeletons or external skeletons |
| vertebrate animals | include man, have internal skeletons or endoskeletons |
| tendons | tough firbous cords made of connective tissue which attach skeleton to muscle |
| ligaments | made of connective tissue connect bones to bones at joints |
| respiration | the process by which blood cells absorb oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide and water vapor performed by the respiratory system |
| respiratory system: | air enters through the nose passes through the nasal cavity which filters the air then through the pharynx then through the epiglottis then into the trachea which branches into the left and right bronchi which are two branches that lead to the lungs bronchi subdivide into bronchioles which end in an alveolus in the alveolus oxygen from the air enters into the bloodstream via capillaries |
| diaphragm | system of muscles that allow the lungs to expand and contract, drawing air in and out |
| circulatory system | functions to transport nutrients throughout the body and get rid of wastes such as carbon dioxide |
| heart | main organ that drives the circulatory system |
| atria | two chambers of the heart that collect blood |
| ventricles | two chambers of the heart that pump blood |
| right atrium | receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava, the two largest veins in the body and passes it to the right ventricle |
| right ventricle | pumps the blood through the lungs through the pulmonary artery |
| pulmonary vein | returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium |
| arteries | carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body |
| arterioles | supply blood to the tissues via the capillaries |
| veins | carry blood back to the heart from the capillaries |
| capillaries | permit exchange of materials between the blood and the body's cells (called diffusion) |
| plasma | the liquid component of blood |
| red blood cells | oxygen carrying cells |
| white blood cells | fight infection by destroying foreign organisms |
| platelets | cell fragments that allow blood to clot |
| type O blood | universal donor, can be given to anybody |
| type AB blood | universal receiver. can receive any type of blood |
| salivary amylase | enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch |
| small intestine | where the bulk of digestion takes place. food is broken down by enzymes |
| lipase | enzyme in the small intestines that change fat to glycerol and fatty acids |
| large intestine | water and minerals remaining in the waste matter are absorbed back into the body |
| central nervous system | contains the neurons in the brain and spinal chord |
| peripheral nervous system | contains all other neurons throughout the body not contained in the brain and spinal chord |
| cerebrum | major part of the brain. thought to be the center of intelligence, responsible for hearing, seeing, thinking etc. |
| cerebellum | a big cluster of nerve tissue that forms the basis for the brain. it is concerned with muscular coordination and the coordination of impulses from the cerebrum |
| medulla | brain stem. the connection between the brain and the spinal chord. controls involuntary actions such as breathing, swallowing and the beating of the heart |
| spinal chord | major connecting center between brain and the nerves. carries impulses between all organs and the brain and is also the control center for many simple reflexes |
| somatic nervous system | consists of peripheral nerve fibers that send sensory information to the central nervous system and control voluntary actions |
| autonomic nervous system | regulates involuntary activity in the heart, stomach and intestines |
| genetics | basic laws of genetics discovered by Gregor Mendel |
| gametes | reproductive cells that have half as many chromosomes |
| chromosomes | large strings of hereditary units |
| haploid | contain half gametes are haploid |
| meiosis | the process by which gametes are created |
| gene | unit of inheritance |
| alleles | hereditary factors |
| homozygous | for genes, meaning they have the same alleles |
| heterozygous | for genes, meaning they have different alleles |
| genotype | his or her genetic makeup including both dominant and recessive alleles |
| phenotype | how his or her genes express themselves in physical characteristics (ex, eye color, hair color etc) |
| classification of living things | King Phillip's Class Ordered the Family Sized Gino's Special: K-kingdom P-phylum C-class O-order F-family G-genus S-species |
| monera | includes bacteria, cyanobacteria and primitive pathogens. considered the most primitive kingdom, it represents prokaryotic life forms, organisms that do not have a nuclei |
| protista | simplist eukaryotes (cells have nuclei). Includes protozoa, unicellular and multicellular algae and slime and water slime molds. |
| fungi | includes mushrooms, bread molds and yeast. lack the ability to photosynthesize. called decomposers, break down and feeding on dead protoplasm |
| plantae | have the ability to photosynthesize, so they are called producers |
| animalia | produce energy by consuming other organisms, so they are called consumers. can be either vertebrates or invertebrates |
| biosphere | the zone of planet earth where life naturally occurs, including land, water and air extending from the deep crust to the lower atmosphere |
| biome | a major life zone of interrelated species bound together by similar climate, vegetation and animal life |
| ecosystem | a system made up of a community of animals, plants and other organisms as well as the abiotic (nonliving) aspects of its environment |
| community | the collection of all ecologically connected species in an area |
| population | a group of organisms of the same species living in the same region |
| producers | make their own food via photosynthesis also known as autotrophs |
| decomposers | aka saprotrophs they break down organic matter and release minerals back into the soil |
| scavengers | consume refuse and decaying organic matter |
| consumers | aka heterotrophs refers to animals that consume other organisms to survive |
| three types of consumers | primary- herbivores, survive on plants secondary- carnivores, survive on primary consumers tertiary- capable of eating both primary and secondary consumers |
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