Language Files Chapter 2
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Created by:
johnsobe on September 22, 2012
Subjects:
phonetics linguistics language
Description:
Language Files 11
Chapter 2
Phonetics
Classes:
Intro to Language and Linguistics
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58 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 articulatory phonetics | study of production of speech sounds |
| acoustic phonetics | study of transmission/physical properties of speech sounds |
| auditory phonetics | study of perception of speech sounds |
| x-ray photography/cinematography | (dangerous) way to investigate sound production |
| point-tracking device | X-ray microbeam and electromagnetic articulograph are two kinds of this |
| palatography | method used to show contact between tongue and roof of mouth |
| sound spectrograph | 3-dimensional representation of sound |
| MRI and CT | auditory phonetics tools |
| impressionistic phonetic transcription | method of accurately writing down speech sounds |
| phone | a single sound |
| segment | discrete unit of the speech stream |
| suprasegmental | property like stress, tone and intonation, which ride on top of a segment |
| onset | initial consonant sound in a syllable |
| nucleus | central vocalic (vowel) part of the rhyme carries suprasegmental information |
| coda | final consonant sounds in a syllable |
| rhyme | central vowels and final consonants in a syllable |
| running speech | continuous, everyday sentences not as perfect as our phonetic representations |
| voice bar | dark band at bottom of spectogram that indicates sound is voiced |
| syllabic consonant | a nasal or liquid which acts like a vowel, taking the nuclear position in a syllable |
| static palatography | method which involves painting the tongue to see where it makes contact with teeth |
| dynamic palatography | method which allows a series of tongue-teeth contacts to be recorded |
| artificial hard palate | similar to a retainer records tongue movement |
| co-articulation | two segments are produced using a single flow of the tongue |
| vowel space | range of possible vowel sounds in a language |
| palatalized | describes articulation of sound by moving tongue toward palate |
| clear [l] | [l] produced with tongue body down and tip up |
| dark [l] | [l] produced with tongue body up and tip down |
| velarized | describes articulation of sound by moving tongue toward velum |
| glottalization | process where a glottal stop is produced simultaneously with the primary oral closure in the vocal tract |
| ejective | glottalized stop |
| length | measure of how long a vowel is held influenced by surrounding segments |
| pitch accent | a change in fundamental frequency in the middle of an utterence |
| edge tone | a change in fundamental frequency at the end of a phrase |
| sentence-final intonation | a form of edge tone falling pitch at the end of a sentence |
| question-intonation | a form of edge tone rising pitch at the end of a sentence |
| continuation rise | a form of edge tone falling then rising pitch which indicates the speaker is not done speaking |
| Y.R. Chao | Chinese linguist who developed a 5-number tone system to describe tones in all Chinese languages (55, 35, 214, 51) |
| level tone | stable, unchanging tone in tone language |
| contour tone | tone that glides from one level to another in a tone language |
| full vowel | the opposite of a reduced vowel produced with relatively extreme tongue positions in stressed syllables |
| reduced vowel | the opposite of a full vowel produced with relatively central tongue positions in unstressed syllables |
| primary stress | stress on the most prominent syllable [ˈ] |
| secondary stress | stress on the second most prominent syllable [ˌ] |
| tertiary stress | "unstressed" syllables have this kind of stress |
| acoustic characteristic | physical aspect of a sound wave |
| equidistance | state where air molecules are all distributed equally there is a tendency toward this |
| compression | state where air molecules are more crowded together than normal |
| rarefaction | state where air molecules are spread farther apart than normal |
| periodic wave | a wave which repeats at regular intervals most voiced vowels and consonants produce these (periodic vibration) |
| fundamental wave | the sound wave produced by the vocal folds frequency is the same as the opening and closing of the vocal folds |
| harmonics | waves which repeat at frequencies which are multiples of the fundamental wave |
| fundamental frequency | the frequency of the fundamental wave the frequency of the opening and closing of the vocal folds |
| source wave | the contribution of the vocal cords to the speech sound |
| filter | the contribution of the articulators and vocal tract to the speech sound |
| formant | in a vowel sound, a resonant frequency that amplifies some groups of harmonics above others; appears as a dark band on a spectrogram |
| aperiodic turbulence | random sound of air rushing through a small opening in a fricative as opposed to periodic vibration |
| parameters of articulation in signed languages | place of articulation movement hand-shape hand orientation non-manual markers |
| prime | a fundamental element in signed language similar to "phone" in spoken language |
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