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8% of americans that goto hospitals: die from nosocomial infections
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a magazine thats published every week: MMWR
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about 5-15% of patients get: Nosocomial infections
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an intermediate object such as glass or toliet seat, or door knob: FOMITE
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Animal( a little more rare) examples of reservoirs include: Lyme, rabies, plague
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Animals carry diesease to: Humans (zoonoses)
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Anthrax important disease of: Cattle and Sheep;sheep would ;lay on back with legs extended up from Anthrax,Bacilis Anthrasis started this
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Biological Vector: Vector is part of life cycle
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Blood: if blood is contaminated; such as HEP B,C ( not direct contact) blood is vehicle that transports it
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blood: Venipuncture,surgery,transfusions ex HEP B
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caused by organisms that live naturally in the soil: Tetnaus, Botulism
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Climate changes: globel warming; more mosqittoes
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Contact: gloves, gowns
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contact transmission include: direct,indirect, or droplets
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Direct contact transmission: Physical contact such as sex,kissing,touching EX mono,STD
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dirty water kills: hundreds of thousands every year
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doesnt require a break in the skin to cause infection;can enter thru pore or follicle: Staph Aureus
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Droplets: mask,eyewear
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Droplets means: body secreations such as SALIVA; transmission less then a meter; not in air such as MOST COLDS
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EID MEANS: a new disease or old disease that changes; something that suddenly we have alot of cases of, something that is emerging
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EIDS: Emerging Infectious Disease
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EIDS is due to: Microbial evolution, Human behavior changes,Political uphealh and public health agency failure,Climate changes,Development into remote areas,Global trade and travel
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Epidemiological studies are done today by: Local health departments,CDC(Center for Disease Control),NIH(National Institue of Health),WHO(World Health Organization)
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Epidemiology: the study of the spread of disease
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Etiology: study of the causes of infectious disease
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Examples of reservoirs: Humans(MOST COMMON),Animals,Non-living
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examples of types of microbes include(difficult to treat and to disinfect): Pseudomonas, VRE,MRSA, Clustridium Difficile
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examples of types of patients include: patients that are immunocomprimised by illness, surgery,drugs, anesthesia,depression
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Examples of types of transmission: Catheter, central lines, lines;anything thats going to break the skin(invasive procedures)
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Florence Nightingale: did Epidemiological study on Typhus;changing sheets of bed;having clean lynin;plain sanitation
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Food/water: food or water must be contaminated examples include SALMONELLA,GIARDIA,WORMS
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General Doors of exit: Respiratory,GI tract,wounds,blood,urogenital
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GI tract: you should be conserned about changing their diperes or bed sheets because it transfers through FECES or VOMIT
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How do people get worms: from contaminted water with eggs of worms in it
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Human examples of reservoirs include: colds, strept throat, HIV
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Humans: may or may not be sick
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Ignaz SEMMELWEIS: did study on child birth fever, people who had babies got realyl sick and died( HANDWASHING IMPORANTACE);SPREAD OF DISEASE
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Indirect contact transmission: intermediate object (FOMITE): glass or toliet seat, door knob,
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insects can be described as: Vectors;something with 6 legs
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John snow: a Well everyone that drank from well got Vibrio cholera;pushed importance of Clean water
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Kochs postulate: chain of evidence that links a specific organism with a specific disease(a particular organism caused a specific disease)
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Kochs work was initially with: Anthrax, and also worked with TB
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lyme disease vector: tic
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Malaria caused by: Plasmodium
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Mechanical: incidental or accident; fly flys on sandwich on hairy legs are (feces)salmonalla
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Mice and deers are the reservoirs of: Lyme Disease
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Microbial evolution: ex H1N1,human
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MMWR is an acroynm for: Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report
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Most common entry: Mucous membranes;any opening to the body Ex mouth,nose,eyes,genital,anus
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Non-living: soil or h20 based microbes
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Non-living example of Rerservoir: Tetnaus, Botulism
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Nosocomial: Hospital or clinic aquired infection; enter to hospital and get an infectious disease there
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Notifiable diseases include: AIDS,measles,TB,typhoid,hepatitis,cholera,gonorrhea
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ology means: the study of something
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organism is on air current; must travel greater then 1 meter such as Measles, TB: AIRBORNE
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Parenteral route: through broken skin
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Political upheaval and public health agency failure: Ex Burlin wall, great for democrocy bad for PUBLIC HEALTH b/c ppl cdnt vaccinate their children
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portal of exit: doorway;how the organisms gets out of patients and effects you
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Portals of Entry: how does it get into the new patient (host)
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Portals of Entry include: Mucous membrane,Parenteral route, unbroken skin
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Psuedomonas: can grow;multiple
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Rabies can be harbored in: any animal, raccon, bats,dogs etc.. if their not ammunized
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required to report certain diseases to local health agencies;(if someone is diagnosed with a particular disease they must inform CDC or a LOCAL health care agency: Clinicians
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Reservoir: something that harbors or HOLDS the organism and allows for its spread
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Reservoir for Plague: a rat
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resevoir for Lyme disease: Deer and mice
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resevoir for malaria: buffalos, large animals;wild mammals
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Respiratory: you should be most concerned about sneezing and coughing if they have TB
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SHIGELLA IS NEVER: CONSIDERED TO BE NORMAL FLORA
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some organisms can be transmittied through all: routes
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spiders or tics have: 8 legs
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standard patient precautions include: handwashing! Contact, Droplets, Surgical
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Staph aureus: can persist on surfaces for mutliple months
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Surgical: everything;universial precautions
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tens of thousands of people die every year due to: Nosocomial infections;they got something in the hospital that killed them
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the etiological agent for a particular disease is the: causual organism
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The etiological agent for Anthrax is: Bacilis anthrasis
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The reservoir of Plague: the Rat
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Three important figures that did Epidemiological studies: John Snow, Ignaz Semmelweis, Florence Nightingale
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types of microbes: drug resistant;difficult to disinfect
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Typus is transmitted by: Flees
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unbroken skin (rarest of them all): enter through unbroken skin, ex Staph Aureus
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Urogenital: semen or vaginal secretions ex STD
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Vector: insect or aractic
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Vector for Malaria: Mosqitto;part of the lifecyle of plasmodium MUST take place inside mosquitto;if you can get rid of mosqittos you would never see Plasmodium again
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Vector for Plague: flee
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Vectors include: Mechanical and Biological
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Vehicle transmission examples: food/water;blood;airborne
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VRE stands for: Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci
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what are Kochs 4 rules: Pathogen must be present in everyone with the disease,Isolation of the organism and grewed it in culture, cultured pathogen causes same disease in healthy animal, Pathogen is isolated from above inoculated animal
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what is a common nosocomial infection?: VRE;Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci
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What is the the purpose of agencies that look for patterns and trying to identify outbreaks: to watchout for PUBLIC HEALTH SAFETY
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why do so many people get these infections?: one or more reasons, types of microbes, patients and transmission.
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will list how many notifiable disease there has been: MMWR
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with Lyme disease the animals are: NOT SICK
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with Plague the animals are: sick
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wounds: skin,pus,tissue ex MRSA
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Zoonoses: diseases that have animal reservoirs
