| Term | Definition |
|---|
| democracy | government "of the people, by the people, for the people" |
| deport | legal process by which a govt. removes an alien from the country |
| alien | noncitizen residing in a country |
| direct democracy | type of democracy in which all citizens debate/vote on issues |
| immigration | process of moving permanently to another country |
| patriotism | pride of one's country |
| civics | study of the rights/duties of citizens |
| citizen | member of a community w/ certain rights/duties |
| dictatorship | government controlled by one person or a small group |
| representative democracy | type of democracy in which citizens choose a smaller group to govern and make laws |
| government | ruling authority for a community, with the right to make/enforce laws |
| budget | plan for collecting and spending a community's money |
| public policy | course of action taken by a government to acheive community goals |
| migration | mass movement from one place to another |
| terrorism | use of violence against citizens to achieve a political goal |
| dual citizenship | holding rights in the US and another country at the same time |
| illegal aliens | noncitizens residing in the US against the law |
| BCIS | a government agency that deals with immigration and citizenship |
| deport | to forcibly send someone back to their country |
| united states citizen | anyone born or naturalized in the US |
| immigrant | someone who moves permanently to a new country is considered an |
| owning property | legal aliens have many of the rights of citizens, such as |
| naturalization | the constitution establishes two ways to become a citizen: by birth or by a process called |
| give it up | US citizens can lose their citizenship when they voluntarily _ _ _ |
| popular sovereignty | value found in the founding documents of the US |
| e pluribus unum | latin phrase meaning "out of many, one" |
| hispanic americans | the fastest growing ethnic group in the US |
| services | most americans earn a living by providing ___ |
| spain | the first europeans to permanently settle in the us were from |
| 1500s | when did the europeans first settle in the US? |
| south | the most populous region of the US today is the... |
| latin america | today the largest amount of immigrants come from |
| ratify | to approve, referring to government laws & documents |
| bicameral | type of legislature that's divided into two parts (houses) |
| bill of rights | a part of a constitution that guarantees certain basic freedoms to its citizens |
| constitution | detailed, written plan for government |
| confederation | group of individuals who band together for a common purpose |
| articles of confederation | the first constitution of the US was the ... |
| citizen's votes | one way massachusetts constitution WAS unique was that it was approved by ___ _ |
| national government | george washington and other political leaders argued for a stronger ... |
| enforce laws | because of their bad experiences w/ british government, the 13 states refused to give congress the ability to tax or __ _ |
| implied powers | abilities that congress excercises that are not listed in the constitution |
| income tax | an important source of money for the government |
| preamble | intro to the constitution |
| bill of rights | first ten amendments to the constitution |
| amendment | change or addition to the constitution |
| 5 | which article in the constitution sets forth the procedure for making amendments? |
| 7 | which article says that 9 states had to ratify the constitution before it could take affect? |
| 4 | which article of the constitution discusses relationships between the states? |
| 6 | which article declares the constitution the "supreme law of the land"? |
| 1 | which article lists the powers that congress does/does not have? |
| minor parties | another term for third parties |
| single-member | type of district in which only one candidate wins |
| political party | an association of workers with broad common interests |
| platform | a series of statements expressing the party's principles, beliefs, and positions |
| two-party system | term that refers to the major parties -- Democrat and Republican -- that make up the American political system |
| multiparty system | in which party system does one party rarely win enough support to control the government? |
| populist party | what is the name of the party of farmers and laborers that called for the direct election of senators and an eight-hour working day? |
| china | which country has one party, the communist party? |
| republicans | what is the breakaway party that was formed by people who opposed slavery? |
| thomas jefferson | who wanted to limit the power of the national government and became leader of the Democratic-Republican party? |
| defend the land from enemies | governments established armed forces primarily to |
| greece | democracy was founded in |
| check for safety problems | the purpose of government inspectors is to |
| compact | an agreement or contract among a group of people |
| monarch | a king/queen who rules a country |
| colony | a group of people in one place who are ruled by a parent country elsewhere |
| Parliament | lawmaking body in England |
| precedent | in law, a ruling in an earlier case that was similar |
| declaration of independence | document that explains why the united states should be a free nation |
| mercantilism | theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys |
| social contract | the idea that people agree to give up some of their freedom and abide by the decisions of their government in return for the government's protection |
| intolerable acts | laws restricting the colonists' rights, including the right to trial by jury |
| delegates | in government, those chosen to represent the people |
| consent of the governed | the declaration states that government recieves its just powers from the __ _ _ __ |
| massachusetts | the first battles of the revolutionary war took place in ____ |
| france | great britian placed heavy taxes on colonists to help pay off debt from their war with ... |
| thomas jefferson | __ ___ wrote most of the declaration |
| tea act | colonists dumped tea into the boston harbor to protest the... |
| thomas jefferson | notable leader who was not at the constitutional convention |
| james madison | delegate who took a notebook of the events; went on to become president |
| benjamin franklin | at 81, oldest delegate to attend |
| george washington | delegate who presided over the convention; went on to become president |
| patrick henry | delegate who was against the convention and didn't attend |
| rhode island | which state didn't take part in the constitutional convention? |
| secret | delegates at the constitutional convention agreed to keep everything ... |
| seven | __ states had to be present at the constitutional convention for meetings to be held. |
| judicial | branch of government that interprets laws |
| legislative | branch of government that makes laws |
| executive | branch of government that enforces laws |
| great compromise | sherman's plan for government that satisfied all states |
| three-fifths compromise | plan that allowed every five enslaved persons to count as three free persons |
| electoral college | the group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president is known as the ... |
| virginia plan | what plan called for states to be represented by their basis of population in both houses of govt? |
| federalism | what form of government divides power between the national govt. and the states? |
| new jersey plan | what was the name of the plan that called for states to be represented equally in government? |
| bill of rights | anti-federalists opposed the constitution mainly because it didnt have a ... |
| anti-federalists | who opposed the constitution? |
| federalists | who supported the constitution? |
| concurrent powers | powers that both levels of government can excercise |
| separation of powers | the split of authority among branches of government |
| republic | a representative democracy |
| expressed powers | powers specifically granted to the national government |
| rule of law | the idea that the law applies to everyone, including those who govern |
| executive | which branch of govt. can veto laws? |
| popular sovereignty | the notion that power lies with the people is known as |
| reserved powers | the rights to establish schools and make rules concerning marriage and divorce are referred to as |
| right to vote | one of the provisions the constitution makes to ensure the sovereignty of the people is the ... |
| petition | a formal request |
| censorship | banning printed material or films |
| slander | speaking lies that harm a person's reputation |
| civil liberties | the freedom to think/act without government interference |
| libel | printing lies that harm a person's reputation |
| speech | lectures, internet communication, radio, and tv broadcasts are covered by the guarantee of the freedom of ... |
| the individual's | the founders of the US believed it was an important purpose of government to protect whos rights? |
| freedoms | the first amendment protects five basic ... |
| assembly | forming/joining clubs, political parties, and unions are part of the freedom of ... |
| indictment | a formal charge by a group of citizens |
| eminent domain | the right of the government to take private property for public use |
| due process | following established legal procedures |
| grand jury | group of citizens who review evidence against the accused |
| civil cases | lawsuits that involve disagreements between people rather than crimes |
| 6 | which amendment guarantees a speedy trial? |
| self-incrimination | the idea that people cant be forced to testify against themselves |
| judges | who issues search warrants? |
| cruel and unusual punishment | a life sentence for stealing bread is an example of ... |
| poll tax | a sum of money that voters WERE required to pay before casting a ballot |
| black codes | laws passed by southern states to limit the rights of african americans |
| wyoming | which territory allowed women to vote in 1869? |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| 14 | which amendment required every state to grant its citizens equal protection of the laws? |
| 23 | which amendment let the citizens of DC vote? |
| white men | which group of people were protected by the bill of rights originally? |
| 19 | which amendment let women vote? |
| freedom riders | people who traveled on buses to protest segregation |
| discrimination | unfair treatment based on prejudice against a certain group |
| affirmative action | programs that try to make up for past discrimination |
| segregation | social seperation of the races |
| civil rights | the rights of full citizenship and equality under the law |
| sit-ins | to protest lunch counters that served whites only, black people began staging ... |
| national urban league | what group aided african americans in cities by helping them find jobs? |
| racial profiling | the process of singling out suspects because of the way they look is called |
| armed forces | in 1948, president truman ordered the end of segregation in the nation's ... |
| north | segregation was less noticeable in the ... |
| runoff primary | election between two top vote-getters if no candidate recieves a majority |
| closed primary | election in which only declared party members are allowed to vote for the party's nominees |
| petition | when qualified voters sign papers declaring support for a candidate |
| plurality | the most votes among all those running for office |
| open primary | election in which voters need not declare their party preference to vote for the party's nominees |
| acting as a watchdog | which role of political parties involves criticizing the party in power and offering its own solutions to political problems? |
| party nominees | if a cheif executive has jobs to fill, but does not have enough high-level supporters to fill them, he or she often seeks recommendations from... |
| direct primaries | today major parties in all states nominate candidates at all levels of government through ... |
| interest group | people who share a point of view about an issue |
| pollster | specialist whose job is to conduct surveys regularly |
| public opinion | the ideas and attitudes that most people hold about government |
| mass media | television, radio, newspapers, movies, books, magazines |
| medium | a mechanism of communication |
| direction | the question of whether people support or oppose tax cuts falls under which feature of public opinion? |
| public officials | the president's address to the nation about issues he is concerned with is an example of which influence on public opinion? |
| stability | how firmly people hold their views and how likely they are to change their opinions on a topic describes which feature of public opinion? |
| personal background | a poor, elderly person who lives in a small town and supports more government social services programs is an example of which influence on a person's public opinion? |
| public policy | problems and issues that recieve the most time, money, and effort from the government |
| print media | newspapers, magazines, newsletters, and books |
| libel | publishing false information that could harm someone's reputation |
| leak | to secretly pass information onto reporters |
| electronic media | radio, television, and the internet |
| press secretaries | professional media assistants who hold news conferences and give interviews on behalf of public officials are referred to as... |
| broadcast regulations | the supreme court ruling that the government cannot censor material before its published is the key to freedom from |
| television | the most important medium for american politics that is in 98 percent of american homes is the ... |
| federal communications commission | one way the government regulates broadcasting is through the ... |
| public interest groups | groups that work to benefit all or most of society |
| impartial | considering all viewpoints equally |
| lobbyists | representatives of interest groups who contact lawmakers to influence their policy making |
| biased | supporting a particular viewpoint |
| public policy | course of action the government takes in response to an issue or problem |
| economic interest group | the US chamber of commerce represents what type of interest group? |
| glittering generalities | which propoganda technique uses statements that sound good but are essentially meaningless? |
| information | one of lobbyists' most important resources is ... |
| candidates for national office | the federal election campaign act of 1971 limits the amount of money that political action committees can contribute to whom? |
| stacked cards | which propoganda technique presents only one side of the issue, often by distorting facts? |
| models | simplified representations of the real world |
| wants | things we would like to have, such as entertainment and vacations |
| economics | the study of how we make decisions in a world where resources are limited |
| economy | all the activity in a nation that together affects the production, distribution, and use of goods and services |
| needs | things that are required for survival, such as food, clothing, and shelter |
| scarcity | what occurs whenever we don't have enough resources to produce all of the things we'd like to have |
| economic model | which term refers to a mechanism that an economist uses to answer a question for which there is no obvious or easy answer? |
| how to produce | the question of how much pollution we should allow factories that manufacture products to generate falls under which of society's economic choices? |
| marginal cost | the extra cost of producing one additional unit of output |
| variable costs | expenses that change with the number of products produced |
| marginal revenue | the change in total revenue that results from selling one more additional unit of output |
| total revenue | number of units sold multiplied by the average price per unit |
| fixed costs | expenses that are the same no matter how many units of a good are produced |
| trade-off | which term refers to the exchange that happens when we choose to have more pollution-free air by driving less? |
| marginal benefit | our concern with the additional or extra benefit associated with an action is referred to as a concern with the ... |
| opportunity cost | which term refers to what you cannot buy or do when choosing to do one thing over another? |
| cost-benefit analysis | because rational economic decision making tells us to choose an action when the benefits are greater than the costs, which economic model should you use to analyze a decision? |
| measure of cost | the question of much of a product you should produce is known as... |
| entrepreneurs | individuals who start new businesses, introduce new products, and improve management techniques |
| standard of living | quality of life based on the possession of necessities and luxuries that make life easier |
| labor | the physical and mental talents that people contribute to the production of goods and services |
| goods | tangible products, like books and automobiles |
| gross domestic product | total value, in dollars, of all the final goods and services produced in a country during a single year |
| capital | the equipment and tools used to build your school are an example of which factor of production? |
| quality | the GDP does not accurately reflect a product's improvement in ... |
| secondhand | which type of sales are NOT counted as part of the GDP? |
| capital | ___ goods aid the production of consumer goods. |
| productivity | measure of the amount of output produced by a given amount of inputs in a specific period of time |
| economic interdependence | relying on others and others relying on us to provide goods/services to consume |
| factor market | type of market where productive resources are bought and sold |
| product market | type of market where producers offer goods and services for sale |
| specialization | when people/groups concentrate on goods and services that they produce better than anyone else |
| foreign | which market sector is the only one that the US sells products to as well as buys from? |
| human capital | the sum of skills, abilities, and motivation of people |
| businesses; individuals | the government market sector recieves most of its revenues from taxes on ___ and _____ |
| division of labor | breaking down jobs into seperate, smaller tasks, which are performed by different workers is known as the... |
| consumer | which market sector purchases the largest share of output? |
| voluntary exchange | the act of buyers and sellers freely and willingly engaging in market transactions |
| consumer sovereignty | term that describes the consumer as ruler of the market |
| laissez-faire | the philosophy that government shouldn't interfere in the marketplace |
| competition | the struggle that goes on between buyers and sellers to get the best product at the lowest prices |
| profit | the amount of money left over after all the costs of production have been paid |
| profit motive | the driving force that encourages individuals and organizations to improve their material well-being is known as ... |
| economic freedom | our right to choose the job we would like to have falls under which feature of capitalism? |
| 1200s | the opening of trade routes to the East started in the ... |
| markets | what feature of capitalism connects the different sectors of economy? |
| private property rights | what feature of capitalism gives people the incentive to work, save, and invest, so that they can keep any gains they might earn? |
| trade deficit | when the value of a country's imports exceeds the value of its exports |
| exports | products sold to other countries |
| trade surplus | when the value of a country's exports exceeds its imports |
| comparative advantage | the ability of a country to produce a good at a lower oppurtunity cost than any other country can |
| imports | products purchased from other countries |
| world trade organization | which international body organizes negotiations about trade rules and provides help to countries trying to develop their economies? |
| balance of trade | the difference between the value of a nation's exports and its imports is known as the ... |
| tariff | another term for a customs duty is a ... |
| free trade | when countries try to convince other countires not to pass laws that block/limit trade, they are trying to achieve... |
| communism | economic system under which one class evolves, all property is held in common, and there's no need for government |
| externalities | unintended side effects that have an influence on third parties |
| socialism | the belief that the means of production should be owned/controlled by society |
| market economy | economic system in which decisions are made in free markets based on the interaction of supply and demand |
| command economy | economic system in which the individual has little, if any, influence over how the basic economy functions |
| north korea | _ ___ is a country w/ a command economy |
| population | per capita GDP divides the total gross domestic product by a country's... |
| government | in a command economy, who makes the decisions of what, how, and for whom to produce? |
| market economies | the majority of the largest economies in the world today are ... |
| economist | karl marx, a german thinker/writer, was an ... |
| prime minister | head of government in a parliementary system |
| constitutional monarchy | government in which the power of the hereditary leader is limited by the country's constitutions and laws |
| absolute monarchy | government in which a hereditary ruler has unlimited authority |
| authoritarian | a regime in which power is held by an individual or group not accountable to the people |
| republic | a representative government in which no leaders inherit office |
| two-thirds | out of 190+ countries in the world, how many have democratic governments? |
| dictator | fidel castro of cuba is an example of a modern-day... |
| devolution | transferring power to local authorities |
| house of lords | part of british parliament with 700 members who are appointed or inherit titles |
| european union | an organization of independent countries that cooperate in matters of economics and trade, social and foreign policy, security, and justice |
| house of commons | part of british parliament with 650 elected members |
| unitary system | government in which power is centralized |
| house of lords | which person/group in great britain acts as the equivalent of the Supreme Court? |
| parliamentary system | great britain's great contribution to modern governments around the world was the development of which system of government? |
| conservative party | which party in great britain supports private enterprise and minimal government intervention? |
| secretary-general | the most important figure in chinese government |
| collective | type of farm worked jointly by groups of peasants under government supervision |
| human rights | fundamental rights that belong to every person on earth |
| dynasties | families that hold power for many generations |
| premier | second most important figure in chinese government |
| china's poor human rights record | what issue still causes strained relationships between the US & china? |
| unitary | china has what system of government? |
| national people's congress | what is the highest governing body in china (in theory)? |
| 20 percent | china is home to what percent of the worlds population? |
| developing countries | poorer countries that are trying to develop industrial economies |
| protectionism | policy of placing tariffs on imports |
| conservation | limiting the use of polluting resources |
| global interdependence | the fact that people and nations all over the world now depend on one another for many goods/services |
| developed countries | countries that have built a way of life based on highly developed business/industry |
| southern | in what hemisphere are most developing countries located? |
| trade | the most important part of economic interdependence is ... |
| 1 | AMENDMENT # ? : Free speech, free religion, free assembly, freedom of the press, freedom to petition |
| 2 | AMENDMENT # ? : Right to bear arms; citizens can protect themselves from threats with guns |
| 3 | AMENDMENT # ? : No soldier can preside in a house without the consent of the homeowner or Congress has to say they can |
| 4 | AMENDMENT # ? : Authority can't come into your house without a search warrant, which they get from the judge |
| 5 | AMENDMENT # ? : No person can be accountable for a crime unless they are charged by a jury, & they can't be charged twice; People have the rights to silence, life, liberty, & property |
| 6 | AMENDMENT # ? : Accused have the right to a speedy trial, to know why they’re being tried, they have the right to a lawyer, and an impartial jury |
| 7 | AMENDMENT # ? : One can always have a fair jury trial if disputing for more than $20 |
| 8 | AMENDMENT # ? : Excessive bail, cruel/unusual punishment may not be inflicted |
| 9 | AMENDMENT # ? : The govt. can't take away the rights of the people not written in the bill of rights |
| 10 | AMENDMENT # ? : Any power not given to the federal govt. may be given to states & its citizens. |
| 11 | AMENDMENT # ? : This amendment removed cases in which a state was sued without its consent from the jurisdiction of the federal courts |
| 12 | AMENDMENT # ? : The president is elected by the electoral college |
| 13 | AMENDMENT # ? : Slavery is abolished; all people are free |
| 14 | AMENDMENT # ? : All citizens have equal protection under “due process of law” |
| 15 | AMENDMENT # ? : All men (including previous slaves) over 21 can vote |
| 16 | AMENDMENT # ? : Congress can tax |
| 17 | AMENDMENT # ? : Senators are elected by people, not state legislators. |
| 18 | AMENDMENT # ? : The prohibition bans the selling and consuming of all alcohol. |
| 19 | AMENDMENT # ? : Women were allowed to vote |
| 20 | AMENDMENT # ? : Tells the amount of time an elected official has from the time they’re elected to the time they are in office |
| 21 | AMENDMENT # ? : End of the prohibition |
| 22 | AMENDMENT # ? : Limits presidents to 2 terms. |
| 23 | AMENDMENT # ? : Allows citizen in Washington, D.C. to vote for president & vice, a right they were originally denied. |
| 24 | AMENDMENT # ? : Stops poll taxes in elections |
| 25 | AMENDMENT # ? : This amendment explains how the VP would take over presidency if the president is disabled; it also says how the pres. can choose a new VP if there isn’t one. |
| 26 | AMENDMENT # ? : This amendment lowered the voting age to 18. |
| 27 | AMENDMENT # ? : Presidents can’t raise their salary until the next election |
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