| Term | Definition |
|---|
| nucleus | is a central organelle that contains genetic material in the form of DNA |
| cytoplasm | The environment inside the plasma membrane is a semi-fluid material |
| selective permeability | A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others. |
| prokaryotic cell | cell lacking a nucleus and most other organelles |
| organelle | specialized structures that carry out specific cell functions. The nucleus is a central organelle that contains genetic material in the form of DNA |
| eukaryotic cell | contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes |
| ribosomes | They are made up of RNA and protein and they help to manufacture proteins |
| endoplasmic reticulum | It is also abbreviated ER. It is a membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that serves as the site for protein and lipid synthesis |
| golgi appartus | This is a flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts and packages proteins into sacs called vesicles |
| vacuoles | These are membrane-bound vesicles used for the temporary storage of material within the cytoplasm. It can store food, enzymes and other materials needed by the cell. It can also store wastes. Animal cells usually do not have vacuoles and if they do they are very small. |
| lysosomes | These are vesicles that contain substances that digest old organelles and food. They also digest bacteria and viruses. They can fuse with vacuoles and dispense their enzymes into the vacuole, digesting the wastes inside |
| centrioles | These are groups of microtubules that function during cell division. They are in the cytoplasm of animal cells and protists and are usually near the nucleus |
| mitochondria | This "powerhouse" converts fuel particles like sugars into usable energy for the cell. It has an outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane that provides a large surface area for breaking the bonds in sugar molecules. The energy produced form that breakage is stored in the bonds of other molecules and later used by the cell. |
| cholorplasts | Plants and some other cells contain this organelle that captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy through photosynthesis |
| cilia | are short, numerous projections that look like hairs |
| Flagella | are longer and less numerous and move with a whip-like motion |
| Active site | the part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs |
| Active transport | the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy |
| ADP | Similar structure to ATP but has only 2 phosphate groups. Partly charged |
| Amoeba | a protist that moves using flexible, cytoplasmic extensions |
| ATP | main energy source that cells use for most of their work |
| Cell membrane | thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell |
| Cell wall | strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria |
| cellular respiration | process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen |
| co-enzyme | An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions |
| co-factor | a substance (as a coenzyme) that must join with another to produce a given result |
| cristae | Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP. |
| glycolysis | a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP |
| grana | a stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast |
| induced fit model | The model of the enzyme that shows the substrate binding to the active site and the active site altering slightly is the |
| light dependent reaction | use energy to produce ATP and NADPH |
| light independent reaction | takes place in stroma (does not need light) (calvin cycle) |
| lipid bilayer | structure of membrane, two sheets of lipid molcules with tails pointed inward, proteins embedded in bilayer (serve as channels) along with carbohydrate molecules (id markers - recognition) |
| vesicle | a small cavity or sac that contains materials in a eukaryotic cell; forms when part of the cell membrane surrounds the materials to be taken into the cell or transported within the cell |
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