Anatomy & Function
Order by
109 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Ascites | Fluid Accumulation in the Peritoneal Cavity. People with liver disease produce reduced levels of albumin resulting in water leaking out of blood vessels into the abdominal cavity. |
| Negative Feedback | Maintains Homeostasis - Good =D Keeps body conditions within normal range |
| positive feedback | Drastic Changes - Bad D= Increases change Often fatal as in the case of Cardiogenic Shock Sometimes useful, as in the case of Labor or Birth |
| Cells | ATP- Energy source for all cell reactions Proteins DNA |
| ATP | Energy source for all cell reactions Energy in ATP comes from the 3 Phosphate bounds - ATP, ADP, AMP Cells can store energy by adding Phosphates to AMP and ADP to make ATP. |
| protiens | Proteins are produced by cells and differ in their function according to their shape wide variety of protein functions: Signaling Proteins, Structural Proteins, Proteins with immune system functions... Etc. Denatural proteins are proteins whose shape has been destroyed and no longer functional. |
| DNA | The molecule that contains all of our genetic information. |
| Cell Membrane | Consists of a Phospholipical bilayer that is selectively permeable controls what goes in & out of cell |
| Diffusion | The movement of molecules from a high concentration to a lower concentration |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of just water |
| Dialysis | Diffusion of just solids (Proteins... Etc.) |
| Hypotonic Solution | has a higher concentration of water than the cell |
| hypertonic solution | has a lower concentration of water than the cell |
| Isotonic Solution | Has the same water concentration as the cell Ex. IV fluids need to be isotonic |
| Superior | Towards head |
| Pleural Cavity | Lungs |
| Inferior | Towards feet |
| Medial | Median or Center |
| Lateral | Towards sides |
| Proximal | Feet > Hands > Head Arms & Legs |
| Distal | Head > Hands > Feet Arms & Legs |
| Superficial | Shallow Cut |
| Deep Cut | Cut through the muscle |
| Levels of Structure | Molecules > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ System > Whole body |
| Transverse of Cross Section | Horizontal Cut |
| Frontal | Back & Front |
| Mid -Sagital | Down the spine Left & Right |
| Para - Sagital | 3 Unequal Sections |
| Cranial Cavity | Brain |
| Vertical or Spinal Cavity | Spinal Cord |
| Abdominal Cavity | All organs below the lungs |
| Pericardial Cavity | Heart |
| Serous Membranes | Prevents friction and allows organs to move easily within their cavities. |
| Visceral Serosa | Lines the organs surface |
| Thoracic Cavity | Diaphragm |
| Parietal Serosa | Lines the Cavities surface |
| Visceral | Membrane touching the Organ |
| Parietal | Membrane touching the cavity |
| Visceral Pleura & Parietal Pleura | Membranes around the Lungs |
| Visceral Pericardium & Parietal Pericardium | Membranes around the Heart |
| Visceral Peritonieum & Parietal Peritonieum | Membranes around the Abdomen |
| Pericarditis | Inflammation from trauma or infection Inflates the Pericardial cavity with excess fluid heart is squeezed and cannot refill Circulation stops Death occurs unless a needle is used to remove the excess fluid from the pericardial cavity |
| peritonitis | Results from infection - Ruptured Appendix. Pelvic Inflammatory disease Etc. Causes abdominal organs to become adhesive which makes them stick together Causes septic shock |
| Nucleaus | Cells nucleus contains DNA |
| Mitosis | Cell division without genetic recombination The process of mitosis creates a new cells needed for growth and replaces older cells that are no longer functional Takes about 7 hours in healthy cells, it only occurs when needed |
| Interphase | Majority of Cells life is spent here |
| Prophase | Cell begins the process of division 1. Chromosomes condenses & become visible 2. Nuclear envelope disappears, Nuclear envelope is the membrane around nucleus 3. The mitotic spindles begin to form. These are the rope like structures which will pull the chromosomes apart |
| Metaphase | Second Stage of Mitosis a short resting period where the chromosomes are lined up along the mid-line of the cell, with chromosomes at opposite ends of the mitotic spindle is fully formed |
| Anaphase | 3rd Stage the sister chromatids of each chromosome divide the mitotic spindle fibers contract and the chromosomes are pulled |
| Telephase | 4th Stage Entire cell divides chromosomes are at the poles of the spindle spindle disintegrates nuclear envelope reforms around the 2 sets of chromosomes cytoplasm is divided into 2 separate cells through the process of cytokinesis. |
| Cancer | a form of uncontrolled mitosis P53 intact and sends signal but the other gene doesn't respond or it loses P53. |
| Cancer Treatment | Cut it out or radiation or chemicals to kill actively dividing cells. |
| Tissues | Epithelial Muscle Nerve Connective |
| Muscle & Nerve Tissue | Very little replacement in adults Problematic because heart tissue that becomes damaged during a heart attack or brain tissue that becomes damaged during a stroke is not replaced. |
| Skin | Functions: Protection against UV Chemicals Pathogens Waterproofs the body Temp regulation - Blood flow to the skin Vitamin D synthesis Sensation of touch, temp, and pain |
| Epidermis | Highest level of skin Dead skin basal cell skin cancer originates in the stratum basal stratum basal vulnerable to UV radiation Has no blood vessels |
| Dermis | Middle level of skin thick layer below epidermis blood vessels and nerves 2 kinds of protein fiber - Collagen fibers provide strength - Elastin fibers provide strength and flexibility Elastin is destroyed by age, UV, smoking, resulting in wrinkles |
| Hypodermis | Bottom level of skin |
| Stratum Corneum | Made of dead cells that are full of Keratin, a protein that helps waterproof the cells. |
| Sebaceous Gland | Produce oil, protect skin, attached to hair follicles, can cause infections. |
| Eccrine Glands | Produce sweat that helps the body thermooregulate, found all over body |
| Apocrine Glands | Produce chemical odors, pheromous, found under arm region |
| Arrector Pili | Muscles that move hair |
| Basal Cell Cancer | Most common in light skinned people Can be treated by cutting off or Freezing |
| Squamous Skin Cancer | 2nd most common type May metastasize if not removed Can be difficult to cure |
| Malignant Melanoma | Rarest but most deadly ABC A= Asymetric B= Rough Border C= Uneven Color D= Diameter larger than a pencil eraser |
| 1st Degree burn | Limited to epidermis |
| 2nd Degree Burn | Extends into Dermis Causes blistering, redness and burn |
| 3rd Degree Burn | Destroys skin at burn site, nerves and blood vessels are gone. Edges are very painful even though burn area has no sensation Skin grafts are necessary to allow healing of the burned area |
| Vitamin D | Necessary for calcium absorption |
| Rickets | Lack of Vitamin D results in deformed, soft bones |
| Red blood cells | Erythocytes Made in bone marrow Live 120 days |
| White blood Cells | Leukocytes |
| Platelets | Thrombocytes Help with blood clotting |
| Plasma | High levels of protein Albumin |
| Serum | Plasma with the Clotting proteins removed |
| Erythropoietin | Signals the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells |
| Iron Deficiency Anemia | Results from a lack of Dietary Iron Can be remedied with iron supplements |
| Hemochromatosis | Liver accumulates too much iron Can cause liver failure Treated by regular blood draws |
| Aplastic Anemia | Occurs when Red blood marrow is damaged by radiation, chemicals or cancer and stops production |
| Pernicicious Anemia | Occurs when digestive tract can not absorb Vitamin B12. Treated with oral B12 or injections |
| Sickle Cell Anemia | Results from genetic disorder. Both parents must be carriers Sickle red blood cells wear out fast and block blood vessels. |
| Erythrocytes | Contain Hemoglobin Hemoglobin binds to Oxygen and carries it to cells of the body. Iron is necessary for Hemoglobin to function Correctly. |
| Bilirubin | Old Hemoglobin Liver pulls it out of blood and turns it into bile Gall bladder secretes bile into the small intestine. If the liver stops working, could result in Jaundice. |
| Leukocytes | Neutrophils Lymphocytes B Lymphocytes Killer T Lymphocytes Helper T lymphocytes |
| Neutrophils | Most common type of White Blood Cell. Live for 3 days Use phagocytosis to engulf foreign particles and bacteria |
| Neutropenia | Low levels of neutrophils |
| Pus | Dead Neutrophils |
| Lymphocytes | Second most common type of White Blood Cell |
| B Lymphocytes | Produce Antibodies which protect you from infection |
| Killer T Lymphocytes | Attack Cancer Cells Attack viruses and kill virus-infected cells |
| Helper T Lymphocytes | Activate B and Killer T lymphocytes |
| Leukemia | Cancer of the Bone Marrow Uncontrolled production of abnormal White Blood Cells |
| Leukocytosis | A higher than normal white blood cell count can happen when the body is fighting an infection. |
| Leukopenia | Low white blood cell count HIV |
| Hemostasis | Blood Clotting, 3 steps: Vascular spasm, Platelet plug, Coagulation 1. Tissue Damage 2. Vascular Spasm-blood vessels squeeze shut as much as they can to reduce blood loss 3.Coagulation 3.1 Prothrombin |
| Heparin | Prevents prothrombin activator from turning prothrombin into thrombin. Fast acting and is often used medically to stop blood from clotting. |
| Warfarin (Coumadin) | Stops the liver from using vitamin K to make prothrombin. Takes a longer time to work and is often given to patients at risk of strokes or who have had a stroke in the past. |
| Hemophilia | X-linked disorder, more common in boys. Treated with injections of factor 8 which these patients cannot make and is necessary in the formation of blood clots |
| Thromboemolism | A blood clot in the wrong place |
| Thrombus | A clot that stays where it formed |
| Embolus | A clot that moves in the blood and is very dangerous |
| Phlebitis | Deep vein thrombosis occurs when blood stagnates in the legs causing clots and pain. if it breaks off and becomes an embolus it is very dangerous. |
| Blood type | Determined by carbohydrate markers found on the surface of blood cells |
| Type A Blood | cells with type A antigens on the surface of their blood cells. Has Anti-B antibodies in their plasma |
| Type B Blood | Cells with Type B antigens on the surface of their blood cells. Has Anti-A antibodies in their plasma. |
| Type AB Blood | cells with both A and B antigens on the surface of their blood cells. Has no antibodies in their plasma. |
| Type O Blood | Cells with no antigens present on the surface of their blood cells. Has both A and B antibodies in their plasma. |
| RH Factor | a blood group antigen possessed by Rh-positive people |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.