anatomy 1
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210 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 what is a bone made up of? (6 parts) | bone (osseous tissue), cartilage, dense regular and irregular connective tissue, epithelium, adipose tissue, and nervous tissue |
| osteology | the study of bone structure and treatment of bone disorders |
| functions of skeletal system (6 parts) | support, protection, assistance i movement, mineral homeostasis, formed elements production, triglyceride storage |
| diaphysis | shaft of bone |
| epiphyses | proximal and distal ends of bone; composed of spongy bone that contain red bone marrow |
| metaphyses | where the diaphysis connects to the epiphyses; where growth plates are located; composed of hyaline cartilage in children and in adults its composed of bone |
| epiphysial plate | growth plate in children |
| epiphysial line | when the growth plate turns into bone in adults |
| articular cartilage | composed of hyaline cartilage and covers ends of bones |
| periosteum | tough sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the bonse surface everywhere except where there is articular cartilage |
| outer fibrous layer in periostem | provides protection and attatchment sights |
| inner osteogenic layer in periosteum | contains bone forming cells and blood vessels; assist in nourishment and fracture repair |
| medullary cavity | space between diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow in adutls |
| endosteum | lines inside of the medullary cavity that has a thin membrane and it contains bone cells |
| bone matrix | contains 25% h2o, 25% collagen fibers, 50% crystallized mineral salts; younger have more collagen fibers and less salts |
| collagen fibers in bone | give bone flexibility and tensile strength |
| calcification | is the depositing of mineral salts in the framework and as crystallization occurs the tissue hardens |
| osteogenic cells | bone stem cells; the only bone cell that undergoes mitosis |
| osteogenic cells to osteoblasts | mainly what they develop into |
| osteogenic cells to chondroblasts | this happens when blood supply is low or absent |
| chondroblasts | produce cartilage |
| osteoblasts | are formed when there is plenty of nourishment; they build the bone and form the bone matrix |
| lacuna | the space between lamellae ;the space the osteoblasts is in after being calcified and trapped ; mature into ostoecytes |
| osteocyte | what the osteoblast turns into after being trapped in the lacuna; mature bone that maintain the daily activities of bone |
| osteoclasts | dependent of the others; functions in resorption of calcium and is the break down of bone matrix |
| matrix | composed of the fusion of 50 monocytes |
| how do osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together | osteoclasts clean up the area of broken bone while osteoblasts lay down new bone and repair |
| compact bone periosteum | inner osteogenic layer and outer fibrous layer |
| perforating canal of compact bone | takes blood from the periostem through the bone and to the central canal |
| osteon of compact bone | major unt; gives the bone the tree stump look |
| concentric lamellae of compact bone | rings of calcified matrix |
| canaliculi of compact bone | canals that connect lanula together |
| interstitial lamellae of compact bone | fills in holes between the circular osteon to give it the compact and solid feature of the bone |
| compact bone | heavy, very few spaces, protectss |
| spongy bone | does not contain osteons, light in weight to reduce overall weight of bone, and it supports protects and houses red bone marrow |
| spongy bone contains | interstitial lamellae, canaliculi, trabecullae, and lacuna |
| trabecullae of spongy bone | component of spongy bone that makes an irregular framework of bone |
| canaliculi | used for communication |
| ossification | formation of bone |
| where are blood vessels found in bone | the periosteum through the bone to the medullary cavity and endosteum |
| embryonic skeleton | formed of hyaline cartilage and fibrous connective tissue; ossification starts the 6-7th week of embryonic ddevelopment |
| intramembranous ossification | bone forms within the fibrous connective tissue; forms flat bones of skull, the mandible, and how the soft spots of infants become bone |
| endochondrial ossification | bone forms within hyaline cartilage;forms most bones of body; steps 1-4 happen during pregnancy while stemps 5 and happen after birth |
| intramembranous ossification step 1 | the development of ossification; the mesenchymal cell differentiate into osteogentic cells and the osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts; osteoblasts start to from the bone matrix |
| intramembranous ossification step 2 | calcification; how the osteoblaststs start to form the one matrix and they trap themselves in the lacunae to start forming osteocytes |
| intramembranous ossification step 3 | the forming of osteocytes; process of calcification forms the trabeculae; froms spongy bone |
| intramembranous ossification step 4 | development of the periosteum; protects the songy bone and the brain; forms compact bone |
| endochondrial ossification steop 1 | development of cartilage model; mesenchymal differentiate into osteogenic cells; the osteogenic cells form chondroblasts |
| endochondrial ossification step 2 | growth of the cartilage model; the chondroblasts from step 1 lay down cartilage to continue growth; the cartilage gets covered by perichondrium and the chondroblasts get bigger and bigger until the rupture to start calcification for hard cartilage |
| endochondrial ossification step 3 | development of the primary ossification center; the ruptured area allows an arter enter to give a blood supply; starts forming osteoclasts to chew up the dead cartilage and the ostoblasts start laying down compact bone; bone gets layed out from the outside in |
| endochondrial ossification step 4 | development of medullary cavity; formed by process 3 by continuing the growth, the ends of bones are still cartilage at birth |
| endochondrial ossification step 5 | development of secondary ossification center; formms the inside of the cartilage outwards, forms spongy bone from the inside out |
| endochondrial ossification step 6 | formation of articular crtilage and epiphyseal plate; fromed from step5 by the continued growth |
| Bone growth in lenth | if there is an epiphyseal plate, there is growth; starts at the epiphyseal side and goes to the diaphyseal side |
| bone growth length; zone of resting cartilage 1 | anchors the epiphyseal plate to the apiphysis; does not aid in growth |
| bone growth length, zone of proliferating cartilage 2 | aids in growth; has chondrocytes stacked like coins; undergo rapid cell division |
| bone growth length; zone of hypertrophic cell 3 | the cells get bigger; accumalate glycogen in cytoplasm and theyre mature |
| bone growth length; zone of calcified cartilage; 4 | the cells start dying from glycogen and start to harden by calcification; osteoclasts come in and eat dead cells |
| bone growth length; diaphysis 5 | osteoblasts start laying down more bone to become longer |
| bone growth in width | occurs in everybody; wider bones accomodate for bigger muscles |
| bone growth in width 1 | ridges in periosteum create groove for blood vessel and the periosteum forms osteoblasts |
| bone growth width 2 | periosteal ridges fuse from the building up of grooves forming an endosteum lined tunnel |
| bone width 3 | steoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward the center of tunnel, forming a new osteon |
| bone width 4 | bone grows outward as osteoblasts in periosteum build new outer circumerential lamella; osteon formation repeats as new periosteal fold over blood vessels; makes the bone wider and heavier |
| bone width 5 | osteoclasts increase the size of the medullary cavity; osteoclasts carve at the medullary cavity to make it wider in order to maintain the same thickness and weight of the bone; only the diameter grows; holds more yellow bone marrow; more energy |
| normal range of bones is maintained by (6 parts) | regular excercise vitamins a,d,c dietary calcium normal levels of growth, thyroid, sex, and parathyroid hormones calcitonin calcitoriol |
| calcitoriol | active form of vitamin d |
| bone remodeling | ongoing process of breaking down old bone and replacing it with new every 6 months |
| purposes of bone remodeling | renew bone tissue after it deteriorates; helps with fracture repair; redistributes bone matrix along lines of stress |
| fracture | breaks in bones |
| stress fractures | microscopic fissures that form without any evidence of injury to other tissues; best viewed through a bone scan |
| how fractures are named | severity of structure, shape or postion of fracture, after the physician who described it |
| open or compound fracture | broken ends portrude through skin (surgery) |
| comminuted fracture | bone splinters at the sight of impact; caused by a high velocity of impact (surgery( |
| greenstick fracture | partial fracture where one side breaks and the other side bends; common in children |
| impacted fractrue | one end of the fracture is forcefully driven into the other end (surgery) |
| potts fracture | distal end of fibula is fractured with injury to distal tibular articulation (treated with cast manually) (caused usually by football or hocky) |
| colle's fracture | when the distal end of radius is fractured where the distal end of the fracture is displaced posteriorly (falling and catching self with hands) fixed manuallly with casting |
| repairing of fractures | begins 6-8 hours after injury |
| repairing of fractures step 1 | begins with the formation of fracture hematoma; clot the blood; swelling starts from the inflammation that is triggered from dead cells rom the bone having no blood supply or no nutrients; phasogenic cells are introduced to start cleaning the area; can last up to several weeks |
| repairing of fracture step 2 | fibrocartilagenous callus formation; osteogenic cell become chondroblasts and lay down fibrocartilage between the broken bones gluing it together; this connects the bone piees and get the blood supply connected back to start the repairing; takes about 3 weeks |
| repairing of fractures step 3 | bony callus formation; osteogenic cells become osteoblasts again and form osteoclasts for them to eat the cartilage while the osteoblasts lay down spongy bone; lasts up to 3 or 4 months |
| repairing of fractures step 4 | bone remodeling; final step; changes spongy bone to compact bone; repair fracture; it may or may not be visible on xray |
| chondroblasts | cartilage cells |
| parathyroid hormone (pth) | released by the parathyroid gland when the blood calcium levels are low; inhibits osteoblasts and calcium uptake; stimulates osteoclasts to chew up bone and put calcium into blood; signals kidneys to absorb calcium from urine; stimulate calcitriol to be made in gut to increase calcium absorption |
| calcitonin | released by the parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are to high; inhibits osteoclasts; stimulates osteoblasts; stimulates calcium uptake into the bone |
| long bones | longer than they are wide |
| short bones | about as long as they are wide |
| flat bones | theyre flat bones, very skinny ex: scapula and sternum |
| irregular bones | bones shaped irregularly ex: facial bones, vertebrae |
| sesamoid bones | bones formed within tendons ex: scapula |
| sutural bones | tiny bones in craniul bones extra bones not all skulls have them |
| depressions and openings | allow the passage of soft tissue or formation of joints |
| processes | projections or outgrowths on bone that form joints or attatchments of ligaments and tendons |
| frontal bone | forms the forehead, the roofs of the orbits, the anterior portion of the cranial floor |
| metopic suture | divides the left and right frontal bone at birth, disappears about 6-8 years of age |
| coronal suture | combines the frontal bone to the parietal bones |
| parietal bones | 2 of them, formes the greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity |
| sagittal suture | combines the 2 parietal bones down the hair line |
| temporal bone | 2 of them; forms lateral sides of the cranial cavity; contains the extemal auditory meatus; contains the mandibular fossa |
| squamous suture | articulates the parietal bones with the temporal bones |
| external auditory meatus | ear canal` |
| ethmoid bone | light spongy bone located in the middle part of the cranial floor, contains the crista gali |
| crista gali | the attatchment site of the meninges of the brain; very strong attatchment |
| sphenoid bone | lies in the middle part of the base of the skull; key stone bone; articulates with all other cranial bones to hold them together; contains the sella turcica |
| sella turcica | houses the pituitary gland |
| occipital bone | forms the posterior part of the cranium and the base; contains the foramen magnum |
| foramen magnum | large hole that allows the brain stem to connect to the spinal cord |
| lambdoid suture | articulates the occipital bones with the parietal bones; often where you find sutural bones |
| occitomastoid sutre | connects the occipital bone to the temporal bones |
| nasal bones | 2 of them; forms the bridge of the nose |
| zygomatic bone | 2 of them; cheek bone |
| vomer | 1 of them- triangular bone that articulates with the perpendicular plate to form the nasal septum |
| lacrimal bones | 2 of them; smallest bones of the face; contain the lacrimal fossa |
| lacrimal fossa | houses the lacrimal sac |
| inferior nasal concha | 2 of them; inside the septum; scroll like bones that form the nasal cavity; its job is to swirl filter the air before it goes into the lungs |
| maxilla | 2 of them; forms the upper jaw; acriculates with every bone of the face except the mandible |
| palatine bone | 2 of them; L shaped bones; forms the posterior part of the hard pallot |
| mandible | movable joint in the skull |
| TMJ temporomandibular joint | formed by the condylar process and the mandible |
| coronoid process | an attatchment for the muslces, tendons, and ligaments of the face |
| mandibular foramen and mental foramen | holes within the bone that allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through |
| suture | an immovable joint in an adult that is found only between skull bones |
| paranasal sinuses | lined with mucous membranes; serve as resonating chambers for sound when speaking or singing |
| frontal sinus | found in the frontal bone |
| ethmoidal sinuses | found in the ethmoid bone |
| sphenoidal sinuses | found in the sphenoid bones |
| maxillary sinuses | found in the maxilla |
| fontanels | membrane filled spaces between cranial bones of an infant; composed of fibrous connective tissue (soft spots) |
| anterior fontanel | largest fontanel; located between the frontal and parietal bones; becomes the coronal suture; closes between 18 and 24 months of age |
| posterior fontanel | between parietal bone and the occipital bone; not very noticeable in a full size new born; becomes the lambdoid suture; closes about 2 months of age; roll was to help with child birth |
| anterolateral fontanel | 2 of these; between the frontal, parietal bone, temporal bone, and sphenoid bone; closes about 3 months of age; becomes the squamous suture |
| posterolateral fontanel | 2 of these; between the parietal, occipital and temporal bones; forms the squamous suture; starts to close 1-2 months of age but doesnt complete until 12 months |
| hyoid bone | unique component of axial skeleton; doesnt articulate with any bone of the body; suspended by ligaments and muscles; broken by strangling, suffocation; located under mandible; supports the tongue |
| vertebrae | 26 bones; 4 distinct curves |
| cervical curve | formed by the 7 cervical vertebrae |
| thoracic curve | formed by the 12 thoracic vertebrae |
| lumbar curve | formed bye the 5 lumbar vertebrae |
| sacrum curve | formed bye the 5 fused sacral vertebrae |
| cervical vertebrae; c1 | atlas; articulates with the skull; permits movement of shaking head up and down |
| cervical vertebrae; c2 | axis; contains the dens; lets head rotate on axis with left and right motions |
| sacrum | triangle shaped bone at the bottom of spine; formed of the fusion of 5 saccral vertebrae; irregular bone; fusion starts about 16-18 years of age and completed by 30; strong foundation for the pelvic girdle; attatched to pelvis |
| coccyx | tail bone; triangle shaped bone formed by the fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae; fusion takes place between 20 and 30 years of age |
| sternum | chest bone; flat, narrow bone that consists of 3 parts |
| part 1 of the sternum; manubrium | most superior portion; contains the suprasternal notch (the jugular notch), and the clavicular notches (2) |
| part 2 of the sternum; body | middle and largest portion; articulates with ribs 2-10 |
| part 3 of sternum; the xiphoid process | the most inferior portion; used as a marker for cpr; made of hyaline cartilage in infancy and doesnt copletely ossify until age 40 |
| clavicle | most often broken bone; s shaped bone; last bone in the body to stop growing |
| scapula | contains the glenoid cavity to form the glenohumeral joint |
| acromion | the high point of the shoulder |
| true ribs | vertebrosternal; 7 pairs; directly connected to the sternum; 1 is connected to the manubrium, 2-7 are connected to the body |
| false ribs | vertebrochondral; 3 pairs; connect falsely to eachother with cartilage and then to the sternum; 10 connects to 9 which connects to 8 which connects to connects to sternum |
| floating ribs | 2 pairs; vertebral |
| humerus | proximal end contains head which articulates with glenoid cavity to form glenohumeral joint; distal end contains the olecranon fossa which accepts the olecranon of the ulna; the medial epicondyle is easily palpated and the unlar nerve lies posterior to it |
| ulna | olecranon forms the prominence of the elbow |
| radius | fracture of this distal end is common in adults over 50; articulates with the ulna and humerus to form the elbow joint |
| carpals | proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform (make up the wrist joint) distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate |
| metacarpals | 5 metacarpals in each hand; each metacarpal has a proximal base, shaft, and distal head; the distal head makes your knuckles |
| phalanges | each finger contains 3 phalanges bones (proximal, middle, and distal); thumb contains 2 phalange bones (proximal and distal) |
| ilium | forms the superior portion of the acetabulumm; contains the greater sciatic notch that allows passage of the sciatic nerve; larges of the 3 bones |
| ischium | forms the posterior portion of the acetabulum; contains the lesser sciatic notch |
| pubis | connects with the ischium to form the obturator foramen; largest foramen in body; forms anterior portion of the acetabulum |
| pubic symphysis joint | connection of the 2 pubis bones |
| pectoral girdle vs | shallow socket more mobility no articulation with the vertebral column greater ROM easier to dislocate |
| pelvic girdle vs | deep socket more strength articulates with the vertebral column decrease ROM harder to dislocate |
| pelvic girdle info | consists of 2 pelvic bones; each is composed of 3 bones which are seperate in new borns; fuse as you go into adulthood; ilium,ischium, pubic; fuse at age 23 |
| true pelvis | inferior or below the pelvic brim; surrounds the pelvic cavity |
| false pelvis | superior or above the pelvic brim; space enclosed is part of the abdomen |
| sacroiliac joint | where the posterior portion of the pelvic bone articulates with the saccrum |
| bony pelvic | COMPLETE RING OF BONE IN PELVIS |
| pelvic brim | inner ring of bone in pelvis |
| femur | longest, largest, and strongest bone in the body |
| coxal joint | the head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum to form this joint; the hip |
| fovea cappitis | located in the center of the head of the femur that attatches to acetabulum with a ligament; also provides an opening for the blood vessels to nourish the head of the femur |
| platella | knee cap; articulates with the lateral and medial condyles of the femur |
| tibia | also caled the shin bone |
| ankle joint | formed by the medial malleolus of the tibia articulating with the talus |
| fibula | has the lateral malleolus that articulates with the talus to help form the ankle joint |
| tarsals | calcaneous, talus, cuboid, navicular, lateral cunieform, intermediate cunieform, and medial cunieform |
| calcaneous | largest ankle bone |
| tallus | the only tarsal bone to form an ankle joint |
| metatarsals | 5 on each foot, each has a proximal base, shaft, and distal head |
| phalanges | each toe contains 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal phalanges); big toe or the hallus (proximal and distal) |
| arches | enables the foot to support the weight of the body; not rigid and absorbs shock; develops by age 12 or 13 |
| longitudinal arch | from posterior to anterior side of the foot; medial and lateral part |
| transverse arch | between the medial and lateral aspects of the foot |
| flatfoot | caused by weakened ligaments and tendons causing the arch to "fall" |
| clawfoot | occurs if the medial longitudinal arch is abnormally elevated |
| fibrous joints | held together by fibrous connective tissue; rich in collagen fibers |
| cartilaginous joints | held together by cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage) |
| synovial joints | united by dense irregular connective tissue and contain a synovial joint |
| synarthrosis | immovable joint |
| amphiarthrosis | slightly movable jjoint |
| diarthrosis | freely movable joints with a variety of movements |
| fibrous joint subtype; sutures | synarthrosis fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense connective tissue |
| syndesmoses | amphiarthrosis, fibrous connective tissue arranged in bundles or sheets ex:interosseous membrane |
| gomphosis | synarthrosis, fibrous joint in which a cone peg sits into a socket ex: teeth |
| synchondroses | made of hyaline cartilage, synarthrosis ex: epiphyseal plates |
| symphyses | amphiarthrosis, involves hyaline cartilage at the ends of the bones; the bones are connected by haline cartilage; cartilage sandwich: hyaline, big band of fiber, hyaline ex: pubic symphysis |
| synostosis | subtype of both fibrous and connective tissue; occurs when a joint is replaced by bone ex: metopic suture disappearing ex: epiphyseal plate turns into the epiphyseal line |
| glenohumeral joint | synovial, diarthrosis, ball and socket joint, shoulder |
| planar joint | permits a gliding motion ex: intercarpal joints; joints between wrist bones |
| condyloid joint | allows movement around 2 axis; up-down and side-side ex:wrist |
| hinge joint | angular openin on a single axis ex:elbow, knee |
| saddle joint | biaxial; modified condyloid joint ex: between wrist and metacarpal of thumb; carpometacarpal joint |
| pivot joint | allows you to pivot; allows rotation around its longitudinal axis ex: radial-ulnar joint; allows you to turn palm up and down |
| ball and socket joint | multiaxial; 3 or more movements ex; hip |
| synovial joint info | all have cavities, all are diarthrosis |
| synovial cavity | contains synovial fluid and is a space between articulating bones allowing movement |
| synovial fluid | used for cushion, shock absorber, and lubricant for motion |
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