cell structure test honors bio
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Created by:
nhiggason on October 1, 2012
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9th Grade Sets SJS, SJS 2016 PUBLIC, 9th Grade Sets, SJS OPEN midterms -and other things- (2016), 2016 Study Group, All 9th Grade Sets - SJS
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84 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cell | the smallest unit that can carry out the processes of life; the basic unit of all living things |
| cell membrane | the physical boundary between the inside of the cell (intracelluclar) and its outside environment (extracellular) |
| cytoplasm | the general term for all of the material inside the cell, between the cell membrane and the nucleus |
| cytosol | a watery fluid that contains dissolved particles and organelles; makes up cytoplasm |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material; contains genetic information needed for building structures such as proteins |
| eukaryote | an organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton |
| eukaryotic cells | typical of multi-celled organisms; have membrane bound organelles; usually larger than prokaryotic cells |
| nucleus | the membrane-bound organelle that contains DNA; found in eukaryotic cells |
| organelle | structure that carries out specific functions inside the cell |
| prokaryotic cells | typical of simple, single-celled organisms, such as bacteria; lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles |
| resolution | a measure of the clariy of an image; the minimum distance that two points can be separated by and still be distinguised as two points |
| ribosomes | the organelles on which proteins are made |
| chloroplast | the organelle of photosynthesis; captures light energy from the sun and uses it with water and carbon dioxide to make food (sugar) for the plant |
| cilia | made up of extensions of the cell membrane that contain microtubules; involved in movement |
| cell wall | a rigid layer that is found outside the cell membrane and surrounds the cell; provides structural support and protection |
| cytoplasm | the gel-like material within the cell that holds the organelles |
| cytoskeleton | a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" that crisscrosses the cytoplasm; helps to maintain shape, it holds the organelles in place, and for some cells, it enables cell movement |
| endoplasmic reticulum | a network of phospholipid membranes that form hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and round sacs; involved in transport of molecules, such as proteins, and the synthesis of proteins and lipids |
| flagella | long, thin structures that stick out from the cell membrane; help single-celled organisms move or swim towards food |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | Model of the structure of cell membranes; proposes that integral membrane proteins extend all the way through the bilayer, and some only partially across it; also proposes that the membrane behaves like a fluid, rather than a solid |
| gene | a short segment of DNA that contains information to encode an RNA molecule or a protein strand |
| gene expression | the process by which the information in a gene is "decoded" by various cell molecules to produce a functional gene product, such as a protein molecule or an RNA molecule |
| Golgi apparatus | a large organelle that is usually made up of five to eight cup-shaped, membrane-covered discs called cisternae; modifies, sorts, and packages different substances for secretion out of the cell, or for the use within the cell |
| integral membrane proteins | proteins that are permanently embedded within the plasma membrane; involved channeling or transporting molecules across the membrane or acting as cell receptors |
| intermediate filaments | (fiber found in cytoskeleton) filaments that organize the inside structure of a cell by holding organelles and providing strength |
| lipid bilayer | a double layer of closely-packed lipid molecules; the cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer |
| lysosome | a vesicle that contains powerful digestive enzymes that break down(digest) the cell; formed in the Golgi apparatus |
| microfilament/ actin filament | (fiber found in cytoskeleton) filament made of two thin actin chains that are twisted around one another; circulate chloroplasts, interacts with motion molecules called myosin |
| microtubules | (fiber found in cytoskeleton) hollow cylinders that make up the thickest of the cytoskeleton structures; made of protein tubulin, with two subunits, alpha and beta tubulin; maintains cell shape and allows for movement of organelles such as transport vesicles; kinesin and dynein in are the associated motion molecules |
| mitochondria | membrane-enclosed organelles that are found in most eukaryotic cells; called the "power plants' of the cell because they use energy from organic compounds to make ATP |
| multicellular organisms | organisms that are made up of more than one type of cell; have specialized cells that are grouped together to carry out specialized functions |
| nucleus | the membrane-enclosed organelle that are found in most eukaryotic cells; contain the genetic material (DNA) |
| organ | a groups of tissues that has a specific function of group of functions |
| organ system | a group of organs that acts together to carry out complex related functions, with each organ focusing on a part of the task |
| peripheral membrane proteins | proteins that are only temporarily associated with the membrane; can be easily removed, which allows them to be involved in cell signaling |
| peroxisomes | vesicles that use oxygen to break down fatty acids; produces hydrogen peroxide and an enzyme breaks this down into water and oxygen |
| phospholipid | a lipid make up of a polar, phosphorus-containing head, and two long fatty acid, non-polar "tails." The head of the molecule is hydrophilic (water-loving) and the tail is hydrophobic (water-fearing) |
| plasma membrane | phospholipid bilayer that separates the internal environment of the cell form the outside environment |
| ribosomes | organelles made of protein and ribosomal RNA; where protein synthesis occurs |
| selective permeability | the ability to allow only certain molecules in or out of the cell; characteristic of the cell membrane |
| spontaneous generation | the belief that living organisms grow directly from decaying organic organisms; WRONG :D |
| tissue | a group of connected cells that has a similar function within an organism |
| transport vesicle | a vesicle that is able to move molecules between locations inside the cell |
| vacuole | membrane-bound organelles that can have secretary, excretory, and storage functions; plant cells have a large central vacuole |
| active transport | the energy-requiring process of pumping molecules and ions across membranes against a concentration gradient (ATP required) |
| carrier protein | a transport protein that is specific for an ion, molecule, or group of substances; carries the ion or molecules across the membrane by changing shape after binding for the ion or molecule |
| contractile vacuole | a type of vacuole that removes excess water from a cell |
| diffusion | the movement of molecules form an area of high concentration of the molecules to an area with a lower concentration |
| endocytosis | the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane: "cell eating" |
| exocytosis | the process of vesicles fusing the the plasma membrane and real easing their contents to the outside of the cell |
| facilitated diffusion | the diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane; special carrier protein helps large polar molecules move across the membrane (no ATP required-passive transport) |
| gated channel protein | a transport protein that opens a "gate," allowing a molecule to flow through the membrane |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane form an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| passive transport | a way that small molecules or ions move across the cell membrane without input energy by the cell (no ATP used) ex: diffusion and osmosis |
| selectively permeable | the characteristic of the cell membrane that allows certain molecules to pass through the membrane, but not others |
| transport protein | a protein that completely spans the membrane, and allow certain molecules of ions to diffuse across the membrane; channel proteins, gated channel proteins, and carrier proteins are three types of transport proteins that are involved in facilitated diffusion |
| Endosymbiont Theory | 1. cell gains a nucleus by by the plasma membrane surrounding DNA with a double membrane 2. cell gains an endomembrane system by proliferation 3. cell gains mitochondria 4. cell gains chloroplasts (mitochondria and chloroplasts were once bacteria engulfed by a larger cell) |
| evidence for endosymbiont theory | 1. mitochondria and chloroplasts both contain circular DNA 2. mitochondria and chloroplasts both contain double membranes 3. mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as regular bacteria 4. mitochondria seem to be derived from purple bacteria, chloroplast seem to be derived from photosynthetic bacteria 5. ribosomes in bacteria and chloroplasts are similar, but ribosomes in chloroplasts are different from ribosomes in the rest of your body 6. reproduce in a binary way just as many bacteria do |
| different types of molecules in cell membrane | phospholipids, fibrous protein, glycoproteins/glycolipids, pore aqua porins, channel proteins, cholesterol |
| phospholipids | made up of a polar, phosphorus-containing head, and two one fatty acid, non-polar "tails" two layers of them make up cell membrane |
| fibrous protein | located along the entire cell membrane and act as receptors for the cell |
| glycolipids | located in the cell membrane, identifiers for the cell, made up of a chain of carbs attached to a lipid |
| glycoproteins | located in the cell membrane, identifiers for the cell, made up of ca chain of carbs attached to a protein |
| aqua porins | located in the cell membrane, allow water molecules to pass through it |
| channel proteins | located in the cell membrane, transport ions through it |
| cholesterol | located in the cell membrane, gives it support |
| components of cytoskeleton | microtubules, actin filarments, and intermediate filaments |
| flagella and cilia | 9+2 arrangement of microtubules in eukaryotes, arrangement of 9 triplets, motion molecule called dynein, prokaryotes have no 9+2, turn like propellers |
| centrioles | only found in animal cells, 9+0 arrangement of microtubules, function to anchor spindle fibers during cell division |
| intermediate filaments | fibrous polypeptides, give mechanical strength of cells: keratin in skin/ support nuclear envelope and plasma membrane |
| desmosomes | areas of reinforcement between adjacent cells |
| tight junctions | make tissues leak proof |
| gap junctions | opposite of tight junctions, the space between animal cells |
| plasmodesmata | the space between plant cells, equivalent of gap junctions in animals |
| isotonic | when two solutions have the same concentration of a solute, they are ________ |
| hypertonic | the solution with a higher concentration of solutes is ________ |
| hypotonic | the solution with a lower concentration of solutes is ________ |
| hemolysis | occurs in animal cells; in a hypotonic solution, water mainly enters the cell, which may burst because it has no cell wall; equivalent to an increase in turgor pressure in a plant cell |
| crenation | occurs in an animal cells; in a hypertonic solution, water mainly leaves the cell, which shrivels; equivalents to plasmolysis in a plant cell |
| symport | carrier protein carries more than one molecule at a time in the same direction |
| antiport | carrier protein transports more than one molecule across a membrane in opposite directions |
| uniport | carrier protein is moving one molecules in one direction only |
| pinosytosis | "cell drinking" occurs when the plasma membrane folds inward to from a channels allowing dissolved substances to enter the cell |
| cell theory | 1. cells are the basic unit of life on earth 2. all organisms are constructed of cells 3. except at the origin of life itself, all cells arise from preexisting cells 4. cells of multicellular organisms are interconnected 5. cells of multicellular animals must stick to solid surfaces |
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