Honors Biology Midterm Review

Terms	Definitions
science	A body of knowledge about the natural world and a means of acquiring knowledge
scientific method	a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses
hypothesis	possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question
variable	is a changeable factor in an experiment
control experiment	standered of comparison in an experiment; does not contain the variable being tested
experiment	the testing of an idea or hypothesis
data	information gathered from observations during an experiment
theory	a hypothesis that is generally accepted due to LOTS of experimental support
metric system	The system used to measure in a scientific laboratory
meter	a metric unit to measure length or distance (it's about the same as a yard)
liter	a metric unit of volume
cubic centimeter	also known as 1 cc or 1 mL
mass	the amount of matter in an object
weight	another name for the force of gravity acting on an object
kilogram	A unit of mass equal to 1000 grams.
Celsius scale	a temperature scale that defines the freezing point of water as 0 degrees and the boiling point of water as 100 degrees
unicellular	having or consisting of a single cell
multicellular	consisting of many cells
sexual reproduction	two cells from different parents unite to form the first cell of a new offspring
asexual reproduction	reproduction that does not involve the union of sex cells and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
anabolism	synthesis of more complex substances from simpler ones
catabolism	breakdown of more complex substances into simpler ones with release of energy
metabolism	combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
homeostasis	the process by which organsims keep their internal conditions reltively stable
irritability	the ability of living tissue to respond to stimulus
stimuli	What all living things respond to
compound light microscope	microscope that uses light and has two lenses, one in the eyepiece, one in the objective. Magnification goes to 400X on our scopes
limit of resolution	point at which an object can be seen clearly in a microscope, but after this is passed, the object becomes blurry
transmission electron microscope	An electron microscope used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells
scanning electron microscope	An electron microscope used to study the fine details of cell surfaces
physical property	A characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance.
chemical property	a property used to characterize materials in reactions that change their identity
phase	state inwhich matter exists: solid liquid gas plasma
atom	(physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element
nucleus	the positively charged dense center of an atom
proton	positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
neutron	neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom
electron	negatively charged particle found in energy levels outside of the nucleus of an atom
energy level	a region of an atom in which electrons of the same energy are likely to be found
atomic number	equals the number of protons in the nucle of a atom
mass number	the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus
element	pure substance consisting entirely of one type of atom
isotope	atom of the same element that have diffrent numbers of nentrons in their nuclei, but the same number of protons.
compound	a type of matter that cotains two or more chemically combined elements
chemical bonding	the joining of atoms to form new substances. when formed electrons are shared, gained, or lost.
ionic bond	a bond that forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another,which results in a positive ion and a negative ion.
ion	An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge.
covalent bond	A bond whose electrons are shared between atoms
molecule	(physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound
chemical reaction	a change in which one or more reactants change into one or more products; characterized by the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of bonds in products
mixture	two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed but not chemically combined
solution	mixture of 2 or more substances that is homogeneous; consists of a solute and a solvent
solvent	Substance that does the dissolving
solute	What is being dissolved
acid	releases hydrogen ions (H+); a chemical with a pH less than 7
base	releases hydroxide atoms (OH-); a chemical with a pH more than 7
neutralization reaction	the reaction of an acid and a base to form a neutral solution of water and salt
pH scale	measures the concentration of Hydrogen ions in solution, ranges from 0-14
suspension	a mixture in which particles can be seen and easily seperated by settling of filtration is a
organic compound	a compound whose large molecules contain carbon
inorganic compound	a compound whose large molecules do NOT contain carbon
polymerization	the process of joining monomers together to make polymers
monomer	A small molecule that connects together to form polymers.
polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
macromolecule	made in living systems from smaller building blocks covalently bonded; four classes: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
carbohydrate	a class of molecules ranging from the small sugar molecules dissolved in soft drinks to large polysaccharides, such as the starch molecules
monosaccharide	single sugar monomers
dehydration synthesis	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
disaccharide	2 monosaccharides, linked using dehydration synthesis
polysaccharide	A polymer of up to over 1000 monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.
hydrolysis	A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water.
lipid	macromolecules used for energy storage, cell membranes, and waterproofing
cholesterol	a sterol produced only by animals
protein	has monomers made of amino acids
amino acid	An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Serve as the monomers of proteins.
peptide bond	covalent bond formed between amino acids
catalyst	a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
enzyme	a type of protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction in your body
nucleic acid	macromolecules that store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information
nucleotide	The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous bas and a phosphate group.
RNA	A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages taken from DNA
DNA	the double stranded molecule that contains the genetic code
cell	The microscopic, living building blocks that every living thing is made up of
cell theory	all living thing composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells produced from existing cells
cell membrane	thin, flexible barrier around a cell, regulates what enters and leaves the cell
cell wall	strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
nucleus	Contains DNA chromosomes, control center of the cell, contained in the nuclear envelope, nucleolus makes RNA.
eukaryote	organism with a nucleus
prokaryote	organism without a nucleus
nuclear envelope	double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus
nucleolus	structure inside the nucleus, where ribosomes are made
chromosome	a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order
cytoplasm	a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
organelle	membrane bound structure inside a cell that performs a specific function
mitochondrion	an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy
chloroplast	organelle in plant cells that converts the energy in sunlight into sugars
ribosome	small particle of RNA and protein that produces protein following instructions from nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum	a cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another
Golgi apparatus	Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and send proteins to their final destination
lysosome	structure that breaks down food particles and worn out cell part
vacuole	storage structures for food, water, minerals, waste
plastid	stores food or contains pigment in plant cells (leukoplast is an example)
cytoskeleton	A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and trasport functions.
diffusion	movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
selectively permeable	when some substances can pass through a membrane easily when others cannot
osmosis	The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
facilitated diffusion	when substances transport across cell membranes using protein carrier molecules
active transport	to pump a molecule across a membrane agaist its gradient requires work; the cell must expend energy
cell specialization	cells are uniquely suited to perform a particular function
tissue	group of similar cells that perform a paritcular function
organ	composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the body
organ system	A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.
photosynthesis	plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates
glucose	A sugar molecule made by producers during photosynthesis and "burned" by all organisms during respiration to make energy.
autotroph	an organim that makes its own food.
heterotroph	gets energy from eating other living things such as autotrophs
pigment	in plants, a compound that absorbs light and imports color
chlorophyll	green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis
ATP	adenosine triphosphate - what the cell uses for energy
light reaction	the first stage of photosynthesis during which energy from light is used for the production of ATP and NADPH
dark reaction	the second stage of photosynthesis that starts with ATP, NADPH, and Carbon dioxide and produces glucose
photosystem	Light-collecting units of the chloroplast
electron transport chain	the series of molecules through which excited electrons are passed along a thylakoid membrane
Calvin cycle	uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce glucose; also known as the dark reaction in photosynthesis
glycolysis	1st step in realeasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
respiration	the process by which most living things break food down into energy when oxygen is present
aerobic	Presence of oxygen
Krebs cycle	second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken into carbon dixide in a series of energy extracting reactions; also called Citric Acid Cycle
fermentation	process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
anaerobic	Absence of oxygen
lactic acid fermentation	the type of fermentation that creates lactic acid and gives muscle cells a weak and sore sensation
alcoholic fermentation	the process of breaking down sugars and creating alcohol, carbon dioxide, and a small amount of energy in yeasts and other microorganisms

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Honors Biology Midterm Review

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