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matter anything that takes up space and has mass solid matter with a definite shape and volume; has tightly packed particles that move mainly by vibrating liquid matter with a definite volume but no definite shape that can flow from one place to another viscosity a liquid's resistance to flow surface tension the uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid gas matter that does not have a definite shape or volume; has particles that move at high speeds in all directions thermal energy the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in a material temperature measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual particles of a substance heat movement of thermal energy from a substance at a higher temperature to a substance at a lower temperature melting change of matter from a solid state to a liquid state freezing change of matter from a liquid state to a solid state vaporization change of matter from a liquid state to a gas state condensation change of matter from a gas state to a liquid state pressure force exerted on a surface divided by the total area over which the force is exerted buoyant force upward force exerted on an object immersed in a fluid Archimede's principle states that the buoyant force of an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object density mass of an object divided by its volume Pascal's principle states that when a force is applied to a confined fluid, an increase in pressure is transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid