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fermentation a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid aerobic respiration a catabolic pathway that consumes oxygen gas and organic molecules, producing ATP cellular respiration the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP redox reaction a chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another oxidation the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction reduction the addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction reducing agent the electron donor in a redox reaction oxidizing agent the electron acceptor in a redox reaction NAD+ a coenzyme that can accept an electron and acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain electron transport chain a sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP glycolysis the splitting of glucose into pyruvate; serves as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration citric acid cycle an eight-step series of reactions that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules by oxidizing pyruvate to carbon dioxide oxidative phosphorylation the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain substrate-level phosphorylation the formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism acetyl CoA the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme cytochrome an iron-containing protein that is a component of of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chlorplasts of eukaryotic cells ATP synthase a complex of several membrane proteins that provide a port through which protons diffuse; uses the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP chemiosmosis an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP proton-motive force the potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis alcohol fermentation glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol lactic acid fermentation glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, with no release of carbon dioxide obligate anaerobes an organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration; cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it facultative anaerobes an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present beta oxidation a metabolic sequence that fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA