Biology 2
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Created by:
sarahjaffe on October 5, 2012
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85 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 diffusion | the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lesser concentration |
| added that all cells come from pre existing cells | Rudolph Virchow |
| penicilin | antibiotic that prevents peptidoglycan cell wall from forming (prokaryotic) |
| capsule | an organized layer of polysaccharides firmly attached to cell wall (prokaryotic) |
| antiphagocytic, allows bacteria to stick, prevents drying out | 3 functions of capsule (prokaryotic) |
| antiphagocytic | can't be "eaten". too greasy (prokaryotic) |
| prevent cell from bursting | function of peptidoglycan cell wall (prokaryotic) |
| attachment | function of pili/fimbriae (prokaryotic) |
| erythomycin | substance put in newborns' eyes to prevent blindness from gonococcus |
| nucleoid region | area of the prokaryotic cell in which the single, circular bacterial chromosome is found |
| nucleus | controls everything that goes on in cell |
| vacuoles | store food, water, waste, etc. |
| endoplasmic reticulum | elaborate transportation network through which proteins and lipids pass |
| golgi body | processes, packages, and exports proteins |
| ribosomes | make proteins |
| mitochondrion | produce energy for cells |
| cell membrane | protects the cell, regulates molecular traffic |
| chloroplast | contains pigments which absorb visible light |
| cytoplasm | glycolysis occurs in the |
| mitochondrial matrix | kreb cycle occurs in the |
| inner membrane | electron transport chain occurs on the |
| cristae | folding of inner membrane |
| golgi apparatus | processes, packages, and exports proteins and lipids |
| ribosome | function is to make proteins. found in all living cells |
| streptomycin | antibiotic that targets bacterial ribosomes |
| facilitated diffusion | type of diffusion where a protein carrier helps with the movement of substances. No ATP required |
| endocytosis | the cell takes in a large amount of a substance |
| phagocytosis | cell eating |
| pinocytosis | cell drinking |
| exocytosis | the cell exports a large amount of a substance |
| osmosis | special type of diffusion involving water and a membrane. |
| glycolysis, kreb cycle, electron transport chain | 3 steps in cellular respiration |
| alcoholic fermentation | pyruvate is converted into ethanol and Co2. No ATP generated. Purpose is to regenerate NAD+ |
| active transport | not a type of diffusion. at some point substances move against the concentration gradient. (keep going after equilibrium) |
| protein carrier | active transport requires a _______ |
| coenzyme A | guide picked up by acetyl when pyruvate is broken down |
| decarboxylation | taking away CO2 from pyruvate and making acetyl group |
| citric acid cycle | kreb cycle also called |
| ATP synthase | protein that hydrogen ions are funneled through |
| isotonic | animal cells prefer an _____ environment |
| lysis | in a hypotonic environment, animal cells will undergo _____ |
| crenation | in a hypertonic environment, animal cells will undergo _____ |
| cellular respiration | the process by which cells get ATP from glucose |
| 2 ATP | net gain from glycolysis per glucose |
| 38 ATP | there is enough energy in glucose to give ______ |
| 2 ATP | added to destabilize glucose during glycolysis |
| 2 Pyruvate | End result of glycolysis |
| lactic acid fermentation | occurs in muscle cells that don't have enough oxygen to break down pyruvate. no ATP generated |
| 1 ATP | ____ generated per pyruvate. 2 per glucose |
| acetyl group, 2 Co2 | 2 carbons enter kreb cycle as _____ and 2 leave as ______ |
| schleiden and schwann | proposed the cell theory |
| well defined nucleus | prokaryotic cells lack a ________ |
| organelles | prokaryotic cells lack membrane bound ________ |
| peptidoglycan | prokaryotic cells have a ________ cell wall |
| binary fission | prokaryotic cells divide by ______. (divide every 20 minutes) |
| spontaneous generation | states that life can spontaneously emerge from nonlife |
| nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus, histones | 4 structure of nucleus |
| hydrolytic | digestive enzyme |
| autolysis | selective cell death |
| lysosome | made by golgi apparatus. contains hydrolytic enzymes |
| granum | stack of thylakoids |
| absorb light | function of thylakoid |
| stroma | fluid in chloroplast |
| rough ER | has ribosomes, makes proteins usually for export (like antibodies) |
| smooth ER | no ribosomes. makes lipids |
| transmembrane, instrinsic, integral | 3 terms for protein that spans whole membrane |
| extrinsic, peripheral | 2 terms for protein that takes up half of membrane |
| glycoproteins | involved in cell to cell communication |
| cell recognition, adhesion, signal transduction | 3 functions of glycoproteins |
| oxygen | terminal electron acceptor |
| nadh, fadh2 | pass electrons off to carriers on the electron transport chin |
| electron transport chain | series of special proteins on the inner mitochondrial membrane |
| NAG and NAM | peptidoglycan cell wall is made of |
| c6h12o6 + o2 = co2 +h2o + atp | formula for cellular respiration |
| nadh dehydrogenase, ubiquinone, cytochrome b-c1, cytochrome c, cytochrome oxidase, atp synthase | proteins in electron transport chain |
| intermembrane space | reservoir of h+ |
| small nonpolar molecules | easily pass through pores in membrane |
| larger lipid soluble molecules | dissolve through lipid bilayer (steroids) |
| polar molecules and ions | require a special protein gate |
| turgid | plant cells in a hypotonic environment |
| flaccid | plant cells in a isotonic environment |
| plasmolysed | plant cells in a hypertonic environment |
| 2 | get _ nadh during glycolysis |
| oxygen | aerobic respiration requires |
| mitochondrion | aerobic respiration occurs in the |
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