| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Communication | A process by which people symbolically transmit information, attitudes, and mental status to one another. |
| Language | A complex system of symbols used to convey meaning. |
| What are the three steps in the communication process? | (1) Encoding, (2) Medium or Channel, and (3) Decoding. |
| Encoding | The process of putting thoughts and feelings into symbols, most commonly words. |
| Medium or Channel | That which is used to carrythe message, i.e. voice, email, telephone, messaging, etc. |
| Decoding | The process of attaching meaning to a message. Note: Most errors occur here. |
| Components of nonverbal communication | (1) Environmental Setting, (2) Proxemics, (3) Body Language, (4) Paralanguage, (5) Artifacts, (6) Touch, (7) Chronemics, (8) Smell |
| Environmental Setting | Where you choose to deliver your message indicates what you think of its importance. Room color, temperature, lighting, furniture arrangement. |
| Proxemics | The way we employ and use personal space. Personal space is an area with no visible boundary that moves with the person to whom it belongs. |
| Intimate Zone | 0-18 inches, Interaction with close friends, romance. |
| Personal Zone | 1.5' - 4', Interaction with acqauintances, friendly discussions. |
| Social Zone | 4' - 12', Conducting business and interviewing. |
| Public Zone | Over 12', Formal interaction such as speeches and lectures. |
| Body Language | Physical motions and gestures that provide social signals, e.g. body posture, hand gestures, eye contact, facial expressions, etc. |
| Paralanguage | Nonverbal cues surrounding speech, e.g., voice pitch, volume, pacing of speech, moans, groans, sighs, growls, laughter, screams, etc. It is not what you say, but how you say it. |
| Artifacts | Objects or materials that convey information about us. e.g., books, watches, clothing, cars, earrings, rings, etc. |
| Touch | Involves making contact to convey information, e.g., slap, hug, holding, handshake, etc. |
| Chronemics | The use of time and scheduling of time e.g., punctuality, tardiness, absenteeism, etc. |
| Smell | The use of odors and fragrances, or lack thereof, to convey meaning. |
| Listening | The perception of meaningful sounds, usually by making an effort to pay attention to what someone is saying. Listening is active |
| Active Listenser | A major component of effective listening is to be an active listener. The active listener listens intently with the goal of emphathizing with the speaker. |
| Empathy | Means understanding of another person's point of view. |
| Parapharse | Repeating in one's own words what a sender says, feels, and means. |
| Components of Hearing | (1) Hearing, (2) Attending, (3) Understanding, and (4) Remembering |
| Hearing | A process by which sound waves strike the eardrum causing vibrations that are transmitted to the brain. |
| Attending | Occurs when we make an effort to focus on what is being heard. |
| Understanding | The art of interpreting a message. |
| Remembering | The act of recalling information that was heard. |
| Formal Communication Channels | The official pathways for sending information inside and outside an organization. The primary source is the organizational chart. |
| Informal Communications Channels | Unofficial networks of channels that supplement the formal channels. |
| Downward Communications | Vertical communication that is downward (from superior to subordinate) tends to be expanded in terms of interpretation and impact. |
| Upward Communications | Vertical communication that is upward (from subordinate to superior) tends to be contracted in the sense that it is often compiled, examined, and passed on. |
| Horizontal Communications | The sending of messages among people a the same organizational level, e.g., co-workers in the same department.(Informal) |
| Diagonal Communications | The transmission of messages to higher or lower organizational levels in different departments. (Informal) |
| Shadow Organizations | Where much of the work gets accomplished. Usually based on "Unofficially" created by people networks, "Unofficial" written rules, and "Unofficial" power or influence. It is revealed by network analysis which traces who talks to whom. |
| Grapevine | The major informal (unofficial) communication channel or network. |
| Four types of Grapevine | (1) Single-strand, (2) Gossip chain, (3) Probability chain, (4) Cluster chain. |
| Single-Stand | Consists of a long chain of people, with each individual passing the message to the next person in the chain. This type of grapevine network is the least frequently used. |
| Gossip Chain | Involves one person telling all the other the information. Even though it is used more often than the single strand, the gossip chain is also one of the less frequently used networks. |
| Probability Chain | Involves the passing of information on a random basis. One person arbitrarily tells another who goes and tells one or two others. It is more commonly used than the previously mentioned single-stand or gossip chain. |
| Cluster-chain | Involves information being passed on a selective basis, one person tells two or three people who, in turn, either keep the information to themselves or pass it on to two or three more people. The result is that we have one individual passing the message to a cluster of people, and those who pass it on tell another cluser. The most commonly used grapevine network. |
| Rumor | A message transmitted over the grapevine, although not based on official word. The message can be true or false. Communication theorists often define rumor as a product of interest and ambiquity. |
| Rumor is both maintained and filtered through the use of | Selective filtering and elaboration. |
| Selective filtering | Involves the screening of rumor so that part of the story is remembered and the rest is discarded. Usually, the part that is remembered is of greatest interest to the person repeating the rumor. |
| Elaboration | Is the expansion and the modification of the rumor. Details are added and rearranged to fit the person's point of view. |
| Work | Physical and/or mental effort directed toward the production or accomplishment of something. |
| Philosophies of Work: | (1) Workaholic, (2) Work Ethic, (3) Worth Ethic, and (4) Leisure Ethic. |
| Workaholic | Obtains satisfaction from continuous work, carry this to the extreme. |
| Work Ethic | Belief that one should work hard, take pride in their job, and maintain a healthy balance between work and other areas ofr life. |
| Worth Ethic | Individuals work because of personal and tangible rewards they receive such as self-esteem, competence, status, money, new car, etc. |
| Leisure Ethic | Individuals view work as an unfortunate obligation, or as a totally undesirable or punishing experience. |
| Performance Standard | A statement of what constitutes acceptable performance. |
| Conflict | a condition that exists when two sets of demands, goals, or motives are incompatible. A conflict can also be considered a dispute, feud, or controversy |
| Personality Clash | an antagonistic relationship between two people based on differences in personality, attributes, prefernces, interests, values, and styles. |
| Work-Family Conflict | conflict that occurs when an individual has to perform multiple roles as a worker, spouse, or partner, and often parent. |
| Traditional | when one spouse works full-time and the other stays home taking care of the home and children. |
| Egalitarian | Both spouses work, but share equal roles at home. |
| Sexual harrassment | unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. |
| When is it sexual harassment? | (1) Submission is made either implicitly or explicitly a term or condition of employment, (2) Submission to or rejection of such conduct is used as a basis of employment decisions, (3) Such conduct unreasonably interferes with an individuals work performance or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment in the eyes of the INDIVIDUAL (EEOC). |
Combine with other sets
Share on Facebook
Share on MySpace