Chapter 6-Bones
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132 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 206 | Number of Bones in a human skeleton |
| Bones | Forms internal skeleton |
| Hyaline Cartilage | most flexible, resilient |
| Articular Cartilage | covers ends of long bones |
| Costal Cartilage | connects the ribs to the sternum |
| Respiratory Cartilage | part of larynyx, trachea, and tip of nose |
| Elastic Cartilage | stretchy and can withstand bending |
| Elastic Cartilage | found in pinna of external ear and epiglottis |
| Fibrocartilage | high compressible |
| Fibrocartilage | great tensile strength |
| Fibrocartilage | found in menisci of knee, intervertebral discs, and pubic symphysis |
| Perichondrium | outer covering |
| Chondrocytes | encased in lacunae |
| Extracellular Matrix | contains jellylike ground substance and fibers |
| Axial Skeleton | form long axis of body |
| Axial Skeleton | Ex: skull, vertebral column, and rib cage |
| Axial Skeleton | Function is to support and protect |
| Appendicular Skeleton | needed for locomotion |
| Appendicular Skeleton | Ex: limbs, shoulders, and hib bones |
| Long bones | limb bones |
| Long bones | Ex: femur and humerus |
| Short bones | cube shaped |
| Short bones | Ex: carpals and tarsals |
| Sesamoid bones | short bone within a tendon |
| Sesamoid bones | Ex: patella |
| Flat bones | thin, flat, and slightly curved |
| Flat bones | Ex: skull bones, ribs, and sternum |
| Irregular bones | irregular with projections |
| Irregular bones | Ex: vertebrae |
| Organs | What are bones? |
| Osseous tissue | What are bone tissues called? |
| Compact or dense bone | external layer, smooth and solid |
| Spongy bone | internal layer contains flat pieces of bones called trabeculae |
| Shaft | covered with compact bone |
| Shaft | form long axis |
| Shaft | called diaphysis |
| Internal medullary cavity | yellow marrow and stored fats in adults |
| Internal medullary cavity | red marrow in children or anemic adults |
| Epiphyses | epiphysis with compact bone exteriorly and spongy bone internally |
| Epiphyses | expanded ends with compact bone |
| Epiphyses | covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage-reduce friction and absorbs shock |
| Epiphyseal plate (in children) Epiphyseal line (adults) | between diaphysis and epiphysis |
| Periosteum | double layered membrane of bone |
| Periosteum | function in the formation and repair of bone tissue |
| Periosteum | anchors tendons and ligaments to bone |
| Osteogenic layer | inner layer composed of cells (osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| Fibrous layer | outer layer of dense connective tissue |
| Sharpeys's fibers | attach periosteum to bone |
| Endosteum | membrane of medullary cavity and trabeculae |
| Stucture of short, flat and irregular bones | one layer of spongy bone (diploe) sandwhiched between two layers of thin compact bone |
| Stucture of short, flat and irregular bones | no shaft |
| Stucture of short, flat and irregular bones | no epiphysis |
| Stucture of short, flat and irregular bones | no marrow cavity; marrow in between trabeculae |
| Osteon or haversian system | structural or functional unit |
| Osteon or haversian system | runs parallel to long axis |
| Osteon or haversian system | made of hard rings of calcified maxtrix |
| Osteon or haversian system | lacunae and osteocytes between lamellae |
| Central canal | contains blood vessels and nerves |
| Central canal | extends through core of osteon |
| Volkmann's canal | horizontally extended through osteon |
| Volkmann's canal | contain blood vessels and nerves |
| Canaliculi | tiny canals that interconnect lacunae to each other and central canal |
| Trabeculae | irregular arranged lamellae |
| Trabeculae | no osteon |
| Trabeculae | osteocytes connected by canaliculi |
| Osteoblasts | form the matrix |
| Osteocytes | maintain the matrix |
| Osteoclasts | destroy the matrix |
| Osteoid | protein fibers of matrix |
| Mineral salts | calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate that crystalize to harden matrix |
| Osteogenesis or Ossification | process of bone formation |
| Osteogenesis or Ossification | formation of bony skeleton in embryos |
| Osteogenesis or Ossification | bone growth until early adulthood |
| Osteogenesis or Ossification | bone thickness, remodeling and repair |
| Osteogenesis or Ossification | begins at week 8 of embryo development |
| Intramembranous ossification | bone develops from a fibrous membrane |
| Intramembranous ossification | most flat bones of skull and clavicles form |
| Membrane bone | resulting bone from a fibrough membrane |
| Mesenchymal cells | how does the fibrous CT membrane form? |
| Endochondral ossification | bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage |
| Endochondral ossification | how do most bones form? |
| Endochondral ossification | begins in second month of development |
| Endochondral ossification | uses hyaline cartilage as models for bone construction |
| Post natal bone growth | growth in length of long bones |
| Inactive | Cartilage side of the epiphyseal plate closes to the epiphsis is? |
| Fast bone growth | cartilage abutting the shaft organizes into a pattern that allows for what? |
| Growth zone | cartilage cells undergo rapid mitosis pushing epiphysis away from diaphysis |
| Tranformation zone | older cells enlarge and matrix becomes calified |
| Osteogenic zone | new bone formation occurs |
| Growth hormone | stimulates epiphyseal plate activity during infacy and childhood |
| Puberty | testosterone and estrogen promote growth spurts causing masculization and feminization of specific parts of the skeleton; later terminate longitudinal bone growth |
| Testosterone and estrogens | promote growth spurts during puberty |
| Testosterone and estrogens | later during development it terminates longitudinal bone growth |
| Bone remodeling | process of removing bone tissue so that the total bone mass remains constant |
| Bone remodeling | requires no osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| Bone deposit | occurs where bone is injured or developing; |
| Bone deposit | requires diet rich in protein, vitamin C, D, and A, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium |
| Bone restoration | occurs when osteoclasts digest teh bone matrix |
| Calcitonin | a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that causes rising blood calcium levels |
| Calcitonin | stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone |
| PTH (parathyroid hormone) | hormone produced by the paired parathyroid glands to release PTH |
| PTH | signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release calcium into the blood |
| Bone Fractures classifed by: | position of the bone ends after the fracture; completeness of the break; orientation of bone to long axis; whether or not bone ends penetrate the skin |
| Nondisplaced | bone ends retain their normal position |
| Displaced | bone ends out of alignment |
| Complete | bone is broken all the way through |
| Incomplete | bone isn't broken all the way through |
| Linear | fracture is parallel to long axis of the bone |
| Transverse | fracture is perpendicular to long axis of the bone |
| Compound | bone ends penetrate skin |
| Simple | bone ends dont penetrate skin |
| Closed reduction | no surgery; |
| Closed reduction | lines bones back up |
| Open reduction | surgery required |
| Comminuted | bone fragments into three or more places; |
| Comminuted | common in the aged, whose bones are more brittle |
| Spiral | ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone |
| Spiral | common sports fracture |
| Depressed | broken bone portion is pressed inward |
| Depressed | common skull fracture |
| Compression | bone is crushed |
| Compression | common in porous bones such as a severe fall |
| Epiphyseal fracture | epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate |
| Epiphyseal fracture | tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the maxtrix is occurring |
| Greenstick | bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks; only one side of the shaft breaks; the other side bends |
| Greenstick | common in children, whose bones have relatively more organic matrix and are more flexible than those of adults |
| Osteomalacia | bones are poorly mineralized; osteoid is produced, but calcium salts are not adequately deposited, so bones are soft and weak |
| Rickets | disease in children; epiphyseal plates cant calcify, they continue to widen, and the ends of long bones become visibly enlarged and long |
| Osteomalacia and Rickets | caused by insufficient calcium in the diet or by vitamin D deficiency |
| Osteoporosis | bone reporption outpaces bone deposit; the composition of the matrix remains normal but bone mass declines; bones become porous and light |
| Paget's disease | excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption; the newly formed bone is hastily made and has an abnormally high ratio of spongy bone to compact bone |
| Widen | Growing bones do what as they lengthen? |
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