| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Population Growth | During the 19th Century,________ occured because of the increase of money, jobs, food and food production. |
| The Great Hunger | In Ireland a Blight caused by fungus struck the Irish' main food supply of potatoes in what was also known as the Irish potatoe famine; this caused one million Irish to die of starvation and 2 million others emigrated to the CSA. (Confederate States of America) |
| Urbanization | The growth internationaly of the cities in such countries as France and Great Britain. |
| Urban Conditions | Miserable living conditions extremely small livings spaces, unable to deal with human excrement etc. |
| Adulteration of Food | It added to the deterioration of urban life, was the cheap way of increasing the quantity of food and making it look richer: Adding alum to bread to make it look whiter, watering down beer and milk to increase the amount, and using red lead as a replacement for pepper even though it is poisonous. |
| Poor Law Commissioners | Social Investigations on the urban industrial life of the poor. |
| James Kay-Shuttleworth | British reformer of the 1830s and 1840s who said, "volcanic elements, by whose explosive violence the structure of society may be destroyed." Also found the cause of cholera. |
| Edwin Chadwick | (1800-1890) "one of the best new breed of urban reformers" obsessed in with eliminating the poverty and squalor of the metropolitan areas. |
| Public Health Act | Created the National Board of Health, empowered to form local boards that would establish modern sanitary systems. |
| Cholera | Outbreaks of this disease had ravaged Europe in the early 1830s aand late 1840s and were especially rampant in the overcrowded cities. |
| Industrial Middle Class | Originally, the bourgeois was the burgher or town dweller, active as a merchant, official, artisan, lawyer, or scholar, who enjoyed a special set of rights from the charter if the town. |
| Business Aristocracy | a new generation of entrepreneurs stemmed from the professional and industrial middle class |
| Working Class | Actually a mixture of groups in the first half of the nineteenth century. In the course of the of the century, factory workers would form an industrial proletariat, but in the first half of that century, they did not constitute a majority of the ___________ in any major city, even in Britain. |
| Industrial Working Conditions | horrible, work hours ranged from twelve to sizteen hours and in cotton mills, the temperature was usually eighty-five degrees |
| Child Labor | was exploited more than ever during the Industrial Revolution and in a more systematic fashion. Their small hands and bodies were taken advantage of. They were also cheap labor. |
| Factory Act of 1833 | caused the number of children employed to decline (replaced by women) |
| Standard of Living | the gap between the poor and the rich was getting bigger. This is measured by wages, prices, and consumption pattern. |
| Combination Acts | in 1799 and 1800 it outlawed assosiations of workers. This failed to prevent the formation of trade unions. |
| Robert Owen | (1771-1858) well-known cotten magnate and social reformer. He believed in teh creation of voluntary association that would demonstrate to others the benefits of cooperation rather than competitive living. |
| Grand National Trade Union | a national federation of trade unions thats primary purpose was to coordinate a general strike for the eight-hour workday. It soon collapsed. |
| Luddites | skilled craftspeople who, in 1812, attacked the machines that they believed threatened their livelihood. |
| Chartism | the first important political movement of working men organized during the ninteenth century. It aimed to achieve a political democracy. |
| William Wordsworth | a Romantic poet who described the destruction of the natural world |
| Ten Hours Act | in 1847, stated that children between thirteen and eighteen could only work ten hours |
| Coal Mines Act | in 1842, stated that boys under ten and women were not allowed to be employed in mines |
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