PPP HHHistory

Terms	Definitions
Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe	German Architect 20th Century Modernist, Functionalist, International Style Steel & Plate Glass 'Less is More' & 'Skin & Bones"
Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe Farnsworth House 1951 built on flood plane, on stilts on a 65 acre land. Intent to add transparency to nature.
Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe Crown Hall 1956 Steel girders, curtain walls, open plan.
Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe (& Philip Johnson Collaboration) Seagram Building 1958 First skyscraper to use steel moment frame, reinforced concrete core and braced frame together.
Philip Johnson	American Architect Modernist, Minimalist Steel & Glass
Philip Johnson Glass House1949 Glass and steel in residential design transparency, geometry, proportion.
Walter Gropius	German Architect Modernist, Founder of Bauhaus wood frame, siding, glass block, plaster 'Exhibition of Unknown Architects'
Walter Gropius Gropius House 1938 efficiency and simplicity
Walter Gropius Bauhaus 1925 mixed craft & fine arts
Le Corbusier Charles-Édouard Jeanneret	French Architect (citz. 1930 - Swiss Born) modernist, international style golden section, contemporary city, radiant city 5 points: free facade, strip windows, roof garden, pilotis, free plan New Spirit, he opposed Zeitgiest & Art Deco Reinforced concrete 'machine for living', 'vers une architecture' & 'toward a new architecture'
Le Corbusier Villa Savoye 1931 Incorporated the five points & Golden Section
Le Corbusier Unite d'Habitation 1945 first housing unit
Robert Venturi American Architect Vanna Venturi House 1964 Learning from Las Vegas 1977 ' counterrevolutionary' Cointed the term "duck" & "decorated shed" to describe the predominant ways of embodying iconography in buildings Taught at Yale, had students document and analyze the Vegas Strip
Luis Khan American Architect Salk Institute 1959-1965 National Assembly Building in Bangladesh 1962-1974 International Style
Antoni Gaudi Spanish Architect Sagrada Familia, Casa Mila, Casa Batlo, Park Guel Modernism
Charles Rennie Mackintoch Scottish Architect Glasgow School of Art (1897-1909) Arts & Crafts and Art Nouveau
Louis Sullivan American Architect Wainwright Building (1891) Pueblo (Fire) and Chicago Grand Opera House (Demolished) Art Nouveau
Henry Van de Velde Belgian Painter, Architect and Interior Designer Bloemenwerf (House & Chair) 1895 Boekentoren 1933 Art Nouveau
Vitruvius Roman De Architectura ("On Architecture") Vitruvian Tirad: firmitas, utilitas, venustas (solid, useful, beautiful) Vitruvian Man: the human body inscribed in the circle and the square (the fundamental geometric patterns of the cosmic order)
Robert A. M. Stern American Architect & Dean at Yale Worked for Richard Meier Disney Beach Club & Resort Contextualism & Postmodernism
Frank Lloyd Wright American Archtiect Worked for Adler & Sullivan Robie House (1908-1910) Fallingwater 1935 Taliesin Studio, AZ Prairie Style
Hector Guimard French Architect Paris Metro Stations Art Nouveau
Charles McKim American Architect World's Columbian Exposition (1893) Boston Public Library (1895) Penn Station, NY (1910) Beaux-Arts
Victor Horta Belgian Hotel Tassel (1893) - the stairway is amazing (can't find an image) Art Nouveau
Alvar Aalto Finish Architect Savoy Vase (1937) Artek (1935) "God created paper for the purpose of drawing architecture on it. Everything else is at least for me an abuse of paper." International Style & Modernism
Eero Saarinen Finnish American Architect (Son of Eliel) Gateway Arch (1965) TWA Flight Center (1962) Dulles International (1958) Tulip Chair (1956) "simple, sweeping, arching structural curves or machine-like rationalism"
Oscar Niemeyer Brazilian architect Brasilia (1950s) Modernism
Urbanism	Louis Wirth (1938) Related to Urban Planning The character of urban life, organization, problems, etc.
New Urbanism	(1980s) Low scale, mixed use, public transportation. Regional planning for open space, context-appropriate architecture and planning, and the balanced development of jobs and housing.
Garden City	Ebenezer Howard (1898) Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts" (parks), containing proportionate areas of residences, industry and agriculture.
City Beautiful	Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit & Washington, D.C. (1890s and 1900s) Intent of using beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. It promoted beauty not only for its own sake, but also to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations.
Ahwahnee Hotel	Gilbert Stanley Underwood A destination hotel in Yosemite National Park, California, on the floor of Yosemite Valley, constructed from stone, concrete, wood and glass, which opened in 1927. It is a premiere example of National Park Service rustic architecture, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.
Modernist	Frank Lloyd Wright, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer and Alvar Aalto. (1900s) Simplification of form and creation of ornament from the structure and theme of the building
Seaside, Florida	Robert S. Davis, Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk. (1946) Every house in Seaside is colorful and different, ranging from styles such as Victorian, Neoclassical, Modern, Postmodern and Deconstructivism. Seaside includes buildings by architects such as Robert A. M. Stern, Steven Holl, Aldo Rossi, and Samuel Mockbee. One of the first cities in America designed on the principles of New Urbanism.
Hanover	Expo 2000 Unlike previous expos, which focused on present advances in science and technology, EXPO 2000 focused more on developing and presenting solutions for the future.
Parks Movement	Fredrick Olmsted & Calvert Vaux Central Park
Canadian Parks	...
Diagonal Development	Now I think she's just making stuff up.
Broadacre City	Frank Lloyd Wright (1932) Planning statement and a socio-political scheme by which each U.S. family would be given a one acre (4,000 m²) plot of land from the federal lands reserves, and a Wright-conceived community would be built anew from this.
Radiant City or Contemporary City	Le Corbusier (1924) A linear city based upon the abstract shape of the human body with head, spine, arms and legs. The design maintained the idea of high-rise housing blocks, free circulation and abundant green spaces proposed in his earlier work. The blocks of housing were laid out in long lines stepping in and out.
Sea Ranch, California	Al Boeke (1962) Architect and planner he envisioned a community that would preserve the area's natural beauty.
Neotraditional Town	Similar to New Urbanism Includes Boston, Baltimore, Savannah, Kansas City
University of Lethbridge, Alberta	Arthur Erickson (1971) Designed University Hall which has received international acclaim for its architectural originality and functional design.
Brasilia, Bazil	See Oscar Niemeyer Condor Shaped (1950s)
Gentrification	Consequences. Restoration of deteriorated urban by middle class or affluent people, resulting in displacement of lower income (typically original occupants).
Smart Growth	Urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl. It advocates compact, transit-oriented, walkable, bicycle-friendly land use, including neighborhood schools, complete streets, & mixed-use development with a range of housing choices.
Rhode Island (TheArcade) Boston Area France (The BonMarche)	Original enclosed shopping arcades as models for the current American shopping malls.
Barcelona Pavilion	Mies ven der Rohe German Pavilion, 1929 World's Fair
Galleria, Milan IT	Giuseppe Mengoni (1865-1877) The central octagonal space is topped with a glass dome. Larger in scale than its predecessors and an important step in the evolution of the modern glazed and enclosed shopping mall.
TransAmerica Chrysler Building Sears Tower (willis tower)	San Francisco, CA New York, NY Chicago, IL
Saint Peter's Square, Vatican	Renaissance planning
Baroque	Gianlorenzo Bernini, Francesco Borromini and the painter Pietro da Cortona (17th Century) Italy, took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion. It was characterized by new explorations of form, light and shadow and dramatic intensity. (Between Renaissance and Rococo)
Renaissance	Filippo Brunelleschi Michelozzo & Alberti (16th & 17th Century) Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts (Between Gothic and Baroque)
Gothic	(12th to 16th century) Features include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress. (Between Romanesque and Renaissance)
Greek	(600BC) Best known for its temples and open-air theaters. Other architectural forms that are still in evidence are the processional gateway, the public square, surrounded by storied colonnade, the town council building, the public monument, the monumental tomb and the stadium.
Greek Columns	Doric: height to diameter of 6:1 & height to entablature ratio 3:1 Ionic: base and capital to diameter of 9:1 the whole entablature was also much narrower and less heavy than the Doric Cornithian: column height to diameter 10:1, the capital 1/10 of the height. capital height to diameter 1.16:1
Roman	Arch: An arch is a very strong shape as no single spot holds all the weight. Aqueducts of Rome, the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Caracalla, the basilicas and Colosseum.
Zeitgeist	General cultural, intellectual, ethical, spiritual, or political climate within a time. German: Time-Spirit
Art Deco	Chrysler Building (Paris in the 1920s and internationally in the 1930s and into the World War II era.) Represents Elegance, glamour, functionality,and modernity, linear symmetry.
Art Nouveau	Hector Guimard, Victor Horta (1890-1910) Inspired by natural forms and structures, not only in flowers and plants but also in curved lines. It tried to harmonize with the natural environment. It is also considered a philosophy of design of furniture, which was designed according to the whole building and made part of ordinary life.
Neoclassical	(mid-18th century) Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade are more flat; sculptural bas-reliefs are flatter and tend to be enframed in friezes, tablets or panels. (Reaction to Rococo)
Cupola
Chinese Temple
Mexican Temple
Scandinavian Temple
Swedish Temple
Japanese Temple
Ahwahnee Principles (1991 Summit of Archies/Planners/leaders)	Community principles 1. integrated communities w/all the essentials to daily life 2. jobs, daily needs should be walking distance of each other 3. amenities within easy walks of transit stops 4. diversity of housing types for socioeconomic diversity 5. diversity of businesses to provide diverse job opportunities 7. Center focus of comm. should combine commercial civic cultural and recreation 8. Green/open space 9.Public spaces should be designed to be used at all hours of day and night 10. Each comm. should have well-defined edge 11.Encourage low speed traffic, have fully-connected network of bike paths 12. Community design should help conserve resources and reduce waste 13. Trees and street layout should be employed to shade buildings
Silent Spring (1960's)	literary alarm by Rachel Carson about reality of an emerging ecological disaster-DDT Human toxic efforts could no longer be absorbed by the cycles of nature.