| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Cell Cycle | DNA synthesis + cell reproduction |
| Unicelled eukaryotes produced | New organisms |
| Multicelled eukaryotes used the cell cycle for | Maintenance and repair of cell + growth |
| Prokaryotes produce new bacteria by | Binary Fission |
| Binary Fission is simpler than the | Cell Cycle |
| The Five Stages of the Cell Cycle | Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| The Four stages of Interphase | G1, S, G2, M |
| G1 | Active Growth Period; Protein Synthesis; No Dividing; Nerve Cells and RBC stay here |
| S | DNA Synthesis of new set of genes; Errors = mutations (SOME harmful) |
| G2 | Short growth with small amount of protein and RNA synthesis |
| M | Mitosis stage with chromosome replication & production of 2 nuclei from 1 & cell division |
| Prophase | Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disappears, microtubules form spindle fibers which attach to centromeres of chromosomes |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes line up in middle of cell |
| Anaphase | Centromere divides and the 2 chromatids become separate chromosomes which move to opposite ends of the cell |
| Telophase | 2 new nuclear envelopes form round the 2 groups of chromosomes at poles and the cell splits |
| At the end of mitosis, the cell begins | G1 again |
| Electrons can either be | shared or transferred |
| The higher the magnification of a microscope, the | Smaller the field of view is |
| The lower the magnification of a microscope, the | Larger the field of view is |
| What two things get passed down through reproduction | Genes and mutations |
| Hydrogen bonds are | Weak |
| Ionic bonds are | Stronger than hydrogen bonds, but weaker than covalent bonds |
| Covalent bonds are | Strong |
| Peptide bonds connect | Amino Acids |
| A theory is a | prediction |
| Respiration and photosynthesis are related because | Respiration used the products of Photosynthesis as reactants & vice versa |
| Genetic Engineering | Manipulating DNA in cells to improve health |
| Examples of Genetic Engineering | HGH, Insulin |
| During genetic engineering, the gene is inserted into the | Bacterial plasmid |
| For an object to look normal under a microscope, it must be placed | Upside down and backwards |
| Lamarck’s theory was based on | Acquired traits being inherited |
| Darwin’s theory was based on | Organisms changing over time, leading to variations |
| When dealing with a bioethical situation, three things you should are | Weigh factors, respect human life, and don’t play games |
| Scientific Method | Problem, Hypothesis, Experiment (Materials + Procedure), Results, Conclusion |
| The control is the | Standard for comparison |
| The number of protons in a molecule = | Electrons and Atomic # |
| The number of neutrons = | Mass # - Atomic # |
| Atom | Smallest particle of element |
| Isotopes are different from regular molecule in that | They have different numbers of neutrons |
| Organic compounds contain | C and H |
| Carbohydrates are made up of | Monosaccharides |
| Lipids are made up of | Fatty acids and glycerol |
| Proteins are made up of | Amino Acids |
| Nucleic Acids contain | DNA and RNA |
| ATP and NADP are | Energy storing compounds |
| Enzymes catalyze | Specific substrates |
| DNA contains | Deoxyribose Sugar |
| DNA Phosphates | A+T, G+C |
| RNA contains | Ribose Sugar |
| RNA Phosphates | A+U, G+C |
| Photosynthesis Reactants | 6CO2 + 6H20 |
| Photosynthesis Products | C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| Photosynthesis Equation | 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| Respiration Reactants | C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| Respiration Products | 6CO2 + 6H2O |
| Respiration Equation | C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP |
| Autotrophs are either photosynthetic or | Chemosynthetic |
| Leaf Stomates open in | Light |
| Leaf Stomates swell with | Water |
| The three steps of cellular, aerobic respiration | Glycolysis, Krebs, ETC |
| The whole point of Respiration is to make | 38 ATP |
| Fermentation takes place when there is a lack of | Oxygen |
| Two Types of fermentation | Lactic acid and Alcoholic |
| How many ATP does fermentation make | 2 |
| Ecosystem | Producer-Consumer-Decomposer |
| Heat doesn’t recycle because of | Loss of heat |
| The age of our universe is | 15Billion |
| The age of Earth is | 4,6 Billion |
| The age of the earliest fossils | 3.5 Billion |
| Decomposition | Breaking down reaction |
| Urinary System | Urea concentration is high in urine since kidneys keep the level of urea low in blood |
| Light Reactions | Chlorophyll in thylakoids absorb light, convert it to ATP; Splits H2O into H2 + O, and NADP carries the H2 to the Calvin cycle |
| Dark Reactions | (Calvin Cycle) CO2 gets fixated into 2 molecules of PGA, then to PGAL with the NADPH + ATP form light |
| The cell membrane is made of | Two Phospholipid layers |
| Phospholipids are made of | Proteins |
| Wilting is also known as | Plasmolysis |
| Low osmotic pressure | low solute = hypotonic |
| High osmotic pressure | high solute = hypertonic |
| Isotonic | equal amt. of solute on both sides |
| Hypotonic | too much water and can lyse |
| Hypertonic | too little water and can shrivel (crenation) |
| Passive transport | no energy needed |
| Watson and Crick discovered | The structure of DNA double helix |
| Franklin and Wilkins discovered | DNA is the same language in all organisms |
| Schwann & Schleiden developed the | Cell Theory |
| Schwann discovered | Animal Cells |
| Schleiden discovered | Plant Cells |
| Vircow believed in | Biogenesis |
| Biogenesis | Living cells can come only from other living cells |
| Ionic Bond | A chemical bond formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions |
| Nucleotide | A subunit of DNA or RNA composed of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group |
| Purines | Have a double ring. Ex: Adenine and Guanine |
| Pyrimidines | Have a single ring. Ex: Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil |
| Bioenergetics | Energy flow and change |
| Heterotroph | An organism that obtains carbon compounds from other organisms |
| Autotroph | An organism that forms its own food molecules (carbon compounds) from abiotic materials |
| Biosphere | The outer portion of Earth-air, water, and soil- where life is found |
| Entropy | A measure of the degree of disorganization of a system (How much energy in a system has become so dispersed that it is no longer available to do work |
| Catabolic | A process in which large molecules are broken down into smaller ones |
| Anabolic | A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules |
| ADP | (Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy |
| ATP | (Adenosine Triphosphate) A compound that has three phosphate groups and is used by cells to store energy and to fuel many metabolic processes |
| Prokaryote | An organism whose cells do not have membrane-enclosed nuclei or organelles |
| Big Bang | When all of our universe’s condensed matter exploded, sending it into space where gravity pulled it into planets |
| Eukaryote | An organism whose cells have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles |
| Plastid | Synthesize ATP from light in photosynthesis |
| Chemoautotrophs | An organism that derives energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide |
| Photoautotrophs | An organism that derives energy from light and forms its own organic compounds (food) from abiotic carbon sources |
| Mitochondria | The organelles in eukaryotic cells that carry on cell respiration |
| Methanogens | Archaebacteria that live in anaerobic environments and produce methane as a by-product of their metabolic process |
| Virus | A nonliving, infectious particle of nucleic acid, protein, and sometimes, lipid membrane that can replicate only inside a living cell |
| Anaerobic | Occurring or living in conditions without free or dissolved oxygen |
| Species | All individuals and populations of a particular type of organism that can interbreed with one another |
| Lichens | Fungi and algae that live together in close association |
| Taxonomy | The theories and techniques of describing, grouping, and naming living things |
| Spontaneous Generation | The belief that a cell can be made from nonliving matter |
| Cell | The basic living unit |
| Lysosome | A cell vesicle that contains digestive enzymes (Animals Only) |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Network system of tubes connecting organelles; Smooth (No Ribosomes) + Rough (Has Ribosomes) |
| Chromosomes | Contain DNA for heredity |
| Cell Wall | Nonliving, Rigid (Gives Support for Plants Only) |
| Ribosomes | Small bodies in which proteins are made |
| Diffusion | The movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated area. |
| Phagocyte | Specialized cell that ingests and destroys foreign particles or microorganisms |
| Nucleus | Control center for all activity |
| Nucleoli | Synthesis of RNA |
| Nuclear Envelope | Double Membrane; Semipermeable |
| Cytosol | Semifluid material |
| Cytoplasm | Cytosol + all organelles |
| Mitochondria | Powerhouse for energy |
| Cell/Plasma Membrane | Double semipermeable |
| Golgi Apparatus | Flat sacs that package and secrete molecules for export |
| Vacuoles | Vesicles for storage of salts, enzymes, food, pigments, H2O; Larger in plants |
| Contractile Vacuoles | Pumps water in protists |
| Cytoskeleton | Protein network for shape; Movement is made of microtubules |
| Extensions of Cytoskeleton | Flagella (Whiplike) and Cilia (Short Hairs) |
| Chloroplasts | Green plastids for photosynthesis (Plants Only) |
| Centrioles | Tubelike; For cell reproduction in mitosis (Animals Only) |
| Abiotic Factors | Referring to a physical or nonliving component of an ecosystem |
| Producers | An autotroph; Any organism that produces its own food |
| Food Webs | The overlapping food chains of an ecosystem |
| Decomposers | An organism that lives on decaying organic material from which it obtains energy and nutrients |
| Heat Energy | An unusable form of energy for organisms |
| Enzymes | A protein or part-protein molecule made by an organism and used as a catalyst in a specific biochemical reaction |
| Free Energy | Energy that is available to do work |
| Chemical Energy | Energy stored in the structure of molecules |
| Chemical reactions | The process of building chemical bonds that produces one or more new substances |
| Synthesis | The process of building chemical compounds from smaller components by means of chemical reactions |
| Metabolism | The sum of all the chemical changes taking place in an organism |
| Absorption | When the large intestine reabsorbs water |
| Ecosystem | A biological community and its abiotic environment |
| Cancer | A group of disease that involves abnormal, uncontrolled growth and division of cells |
| Cell Cycle | An ordered sequence of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell, composed of mitosis and interphase growth and DNA synthesis phases |
| Cell-Cycle Arrest | An abrupt halt in the cell cycle when proteins detect mistakes or damage in DNA that needs to be repaired |
| Centromere | The specialized region of a chromosome that holds two replicated chromosomal strands together and that attached to the spindle in mitosis. |
| Chromosome Segregation | Separation of the sister chromatids during mitosis in which each new nucleus receives one copy of each chromosome |
| Cyclins | A group of proteins whose function is to regulate the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and whose concentrations rise and fall throughout the cell cycle |
| Cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nucleus division |
| Chromatin | In eukaryotes, the chromosomal material (DNA and associated proteins) as it ordinarily appears in a cell’s nucleus with individual chromosomes indistinct |
Combine with other sets
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