Old World Archaeology
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96 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Schöningen Spears | five wooden throwing spears from the Paleolithic Age that were found between 1994 and 1998 in an open-cast lignite mine in Helmstedt, Germany, together with approximately 16,000 animal bones; more than 300,000 years old, they are the oldest completely preserved hunting weapons in the world and are regarded as the first evidence of the active hunt by Homo heidelbergensis |
| Levallois | a type of stone knapping involving the striking of flakes from a prepared core; after creating a tortoise-shell like form on the side of the core, a flake is separated that has a distinctive plano-convex profile and edges sharpened by the earlier trimming work; flake would then be employed as a scraper or knife or as a projectile point; technique first found in the Lower Paleolithic but it is most commonly associated with the Neanderthal Mousterian industries of the Middle Paleolithic |
| Kombewa | large basalt flakes found in eastern and northern Africa that have a bulb of percussion on both surfaces; often used to produce cleavers (African Acheulean) |
| 500kya | earliest evidence of controlled use of fire |
| 400kya | earliest evidence of spear tips |
| 1.2 | size increase from ergaster to erectus; adaptation to cooler climates: ___mya |
| Movius Line | falsified idea that a line exists across Eurasia, running from NW to SW, on which the SW side has only Acheulean hand axes and the SE side has only chopper cores |
| Homo heidelbergensis | a species of the genus Homo which may be the direct ancestor of H. neanderthalensis in Europe and H. sapiens; evidence dates to 600,000-400,000 years ago; stone tool technology very close to that of the Acheulean tools used by H. erectus |
| Ardipithecus ramidus | early gracile species in the hominid line which lived in Africa during the Pliocene from 4.51-4.32mya |
| Australopithecus anamensis | early gracile species in the hominid line which lived in eastern Africa during the Pliocene from 4.2-3.8mya |
| Australopithecus afarensis | early gracile species in the hominid line which lived in northern Africa during the Pliocene from 3.7-2.8mya; lack of grasping big toe; skeleton suggest bipedalism; Lucy |
| Australopithecus africanus | early gracile species in the hominid line which lived in southern Africa during the later Pliocene and early Pleistocene from 3.0-2.5mya; Taung Child, Mrs. Ples |
| Australopithecus garhi | early gracile species in the hominid line which lived in eastern Africa during the end of the Pliocene/beginning of the Pleistocene around 2.5mya; primitive stone tools, precursors to Oldowan |
| Paranthropus aethiopicus | early robust species in the hominid line which lived in eastern Africa during the end of the Pliocene/beginning of the Pleistocene about 2.5mya |
| Paranthropus robustus | early robust species in the hominid line which lived in southern Africa during the Pleistocene about 2-1.2mya |
| Paranthropus boisei | early robust species in the hominid line which lived in eastern Africa during the Pleistocene about 2.3-1.2mya |
| Homo rudolfensis | a species of the genus Homo which lived in eastern Africa during the Lower Pleistocene about 1.9mya |
| Homo habilis | a species of the genus Homo which lived in eastern Africa during the Lower Pleistocene about 2.3-1.4mya, Oldowan tool industry |
| Homo ergaster | a species of the genus Homo which lived in eastern and southern Africa during the early Pleistocene about 1.8-1.3mya, Acheulean tool industry |
| Homo erectus | a species of the genus Homo which lived in China and southeast Asia during the Pleistocene about 1.8mya-300ka, Acheulean tool industry, controlled use of fire |
| Homo neanderthalensis | a species of the genus Homo which lived in Europe and western Asia during the Middle to Late Pleistocene about 300ka-30ka, Mousterian tool industry |
| Homo sapiens | a species of the genus Homo which originated during the Upper Paleolithic in Africa 200ka |
| Gona, Middle Awash | what sites are associated with Ar. ramidus? |
| Middle Awash, Turkana | what sites are associated with Au. anamensis? |
| Hadar, Middle Awash, Laetoli, Koobi Fora, East Turkana | what sites are associated with Au. afarensis? |
| West Turkana | what site is associated with K. platyops? |
| Taung, Sterkfontein, Makapansgat | what sites are associated with Au. africanus? |
| Middle Awash | what site is associated with Au. garhi? |
| Omo, West Turkana | what sites are associated with P. aethiopicus? |
| Konso, Omo, East Turkana, West Turkana, Olduvai, Peninj | what sites are associated with P. boisei? |
| Kromdraai, Swartkrans, Drimolen | what sites are associated with P. robustus? |
| Olduvai, East Turkana, Uraha | what sites are associated with H. rudolfensis? |
| Hadar, Olduvai, Sterkfontein, East Turkana, Omo, Koobi Fora, Dmanisi | what sites are associated with H. habilis? |
| East Turkana, West Turkana, Swartkrans, Koobi Fora, Omo, Middle Awash, Konso, Olduvai, Sterkfontein, Dmanisi | what sites are associated with H. ergaster? |
| 4.51-4.32mya | age of Ardipithecus ramidus |
| 4.2-3.8mya | age of Australopithecus anamensis |
| 3.7-2.8mya | age of Australopithecus afarensis |
| 3.5-3.2mya | age of Kenyanthropus platyops |
| 3.0-2.5mya | age of Australopithecus africanus |
| 2.5mya | age of Australopithecus garhi |
| manuports, hammerstones, core forms, flakes | what are the four fundamental categories of the Oldowan Industrial Complex? |
| scraper | a flake with intentional retouch along an edge; can be light duty or heavy duty |
| discoid | a core tool that has been extensively flaked to resemble a disk; can be a spheroid or a polyhedron |
| chopper | a core tool on which flaking is restricted to one edge; can be unifacial or bifacial |
| 2.5-1.7mya | timespan of the Oldowan Tool Industry |
| 1.7-0.25mya | timespan of the Acheulean Tool Industry |
| 2.5mya | when did the Paleolithic begin? |
| 2.5mya-250kya | timespan of the Lower Paleolithic/ESA |
| 250kya-50kya | timespan of the Middle Paleolithic/MSA |
| <50kya | timespan of the Upper Paleolithic/LSA |
| large bifacial tools, especially hand axes and cleavers | What tool types characterized the Acheulean Industrial Tradition? |
| cleaver | large biface with a guillotine-like edge |
| hand ax | large biface which usually comes to a point, sometimes teardrop-shaped |
| 750-300kya | the Neanderthal and AMH lineages probably diverged somewhere between... |
| Chatelperronian Industrial Complex | industrial complex associated with H. neanderthalensis in France (Saint-Césaire and Arcy-sur-Cure), sometimes assigned to the Upper Paleolithic, Mousterian-like |
| Aterian Industrial Complex | northwest African industrial complex, stemmed or tanged pieces, contemporaneous with or part of the Mousterian Complex |
| 50 | Fully modern humans originated in eastern Africa about ___kya |
| Mousterian Industrial Complex | industrial complex associated with H. neanderthalensis (not entirely correct), Middle Paleolithic, 250-130kya, differs from Acheulean mainly in the absence of large bifacial tools, presence of Levallois and retouched tools |
| Aurignacian Industrial Complex | industrial complex which replaced the Mousterian, present about 40-35kya, marked by presence of blades |
| Middle Stone Age | in sub-Saharan Africa, industries that are contemporaneous with the Mousterian Complex |
| denticulate | (Mousterian/MSA) a flake on which one or more edges carry smooth continuous retouch |
| point | (Mousterian/MSA) a relatively thin flake on which two continuously retouched edges converged directly opposite the striking platform (or butt) |
| convergent sidescraper | (Mousterian/MSA) a thick, pointed flake |
| denticulate | (Mousterian/MSA) a flake that was retouched to produce a ragged or serrate edge, comprising several adjacent indentations |
| notch | (Mousterian/MSA) a denticulate with only a single indentation |
| Skhul Cave, Qafzeh Cave, Tabun Cave | principal west and cental Asian Mousterian sites that have provided near-modern human remains |
| Aurignacian Industrial Complex | the earliest undisputed Upper Paleolithic Industry in central and western Europe |
| Uluzzian Industrial Complex | Italy, transitional Mousterian-to-Upper Paleolithic tool industry characterized by retouched stone tools, replaced by Aurignacian |
| Szeletian/Jerzmanowician Industrial Complex | Eastern Europe, transitional Mousterian-to-Upper Paleolithic tool industry characterized by bifacial leaf-shaped points, replaced by Aurignacian |
| A. africanus | What hominid is associated with the Cave of Hearths, South Africa? |
| Kromdraai, Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Drimolen, Coopers, Gladysvale, Gondolin; 3.5mya | What sites makes up the "Cradle of Humanity" in South Africa? Earliest date? |
| A. anamensis, A. afarensis, H. rudolfensis, H. habilis, H. ergaster, P. boisei, African Neanderthal contemporary/predecessor | What hominids are associated with East Turkana/Koobi Fora, Kenya? |
| A. anamensis, K. platyops, P. aethiopicus, H. ergaster, P. boisei, African Neanderthal contemporary/predecessor | What hominids are associated with West Turkana, Kenya? |
| P. boisei, H. habilis, H. ergaster, ?H. sapiens | What hominids are associated with Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania? |
| H. habilis, H. ergaster | What hominids are associated with Dmanisi, Georgia? (Georgia is on the Northeast border of Turkey) |
| H. erectus | What hominid is associated with Zhoukoudian, China? |
| Neanderthal | What hominid is associated with Sima de los Huesos, Northern Spain? |
| Neanderthal | What hominid is associated with Vértesöllös, Hungary? (Hungary is on the eastern border of Italy) |
| H. heidelbergensis, Neanderthal | What hominids are associated with Boxgrove, England? |
| African Neanderthal contemporary/predecessor | What hominid is associated with Klasies River Main, South Africa? |
| Neanderthal | What hominid is associated with Kebara Cave, Israel? (Israel is west of Jordan) |
| Neanderthal | What hominid is associated with Shanidar Cave, Iraq? (Iraq is south of Turkey, east of Jordan) |
| near-modern human | What hominid is associated with Skhul Cave, Israel? |
| African Neanderthal contemporary/predecessor | What hominid is associated with Mumbwa Cave, Zambia? (Zambia is north of Zimbabwe) |
| near-modern human | What hominid is associated with Qafzeh, Israel? |
| 780kya | When did the Brunhes Normal Chron start? |
| Homo erectus lantianensis, evidence for controlled use of fire, 1mya-530kya | What hominid and other archaeological evidence is associated with Lantian, China? Date? |
| earliest traces of Homo erectus out of Africa, Acheulean hand axes, 1.5mya | What hominid and other archaeological evidence is associated with Ubeidiya, Israel? Date? |
| 200 | The ancestral population of all living people lived about ___kya |
| 50kya | approximate year of initial AMH dispersal out of Africa |
| Cro-Magnon | a colloquial term for all early modern Europeans, sometimes applied to the African and Asian contemporaries of early modern Europeans |
| Oldowan, Developed Oldowan Acheulean, MSA, LSA | what tool industries are associated with Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania? |
| burin | flake or blade with smaller flake or blade struck off along one edge, leaving scar at abrupt angle to ventral surface |
| endscraper | blade or flake blade with smooth, continuous retouch on end opposite striking platform |
| sidescraper | flake with one or more edges having smooth, continuous retouch |
| spear-thrower | bone or wooden rod hooked at one end to accommodate the dimpled or notched nonpointed end of a spear or dart shaft ~18kya Magdalenian |
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