Anatomy & Physiology 1
Order by
173 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 sutural bones (wormian bones) | small, flat, irregularly shaped bones between the flat bones of the skull. |
| irregular bones | have complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces. ex: spinal vertebrae, bones of the pelvis, and several skull bones |
| short bones | are small and boxy |
| flat bones | have thin, parallel surfaces. |
| long bones | are fairly long and slender. |
| sesamoid bones | are small, flat and shaped somewhat like a sesame seed. ex: patella |
| bone markings | can yield an abundance of anatomical information |
| diaphysis | a representative long bone with an extended tubular shaft |
| epiphysis | at each end is an expanded area |
| compact bone (dense bone) | is relatively solid, forms a sturdy protective layer that surrounds a central space |
| medullary cavity (marrow cavity) | a central space |
| spongy bone (cortical bone) | consists of an open network of struts and plates that resembles latticework with a thin covering, or cortex of compact bone |
| cortex | a thin covering |
| process | any projection or bump |
| ramus | an extension of a bone making an angle with the rest of the structure |
| trochanter | a large rough projection |
| tuberosity | a smaller rough projection |
| tubercle | a small rounded projection |
| crest | a prominent ridge |
| line | a low ridge |
| spine | a pointed or narrow process |
| head | the expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a neck |
| neck | a narrow connection between the epiphysis and the diaphysis |
| trochlea | a smooth grooved articular process shaped like a pulley |
| condyle | a smooth rounded articular process |
| facet | a small, flat articular surface |
| fossa | a shallow depression |
| sulcus | a narrow groove |
| formane | a rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves |
| canal | a duct or channel |
| meatus | a passageway through a bone |
| fissure | an elongated cleft or slit |
| sinus | a chamber within a bone, normally filled with air |
| hydroxyapatite | calcium phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide and forms crystals of hydroxyapatite |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells that make up most of the cell population |
| lamella | layers |
| canaliculi | narrow passageways |
| osteoblasts | produce new bone matrix in a process called ossification (osteogenesis) |
| osteoid | before calcium salts are deposited this organic matrix |
| osteoprogenitor cells | bone contains small numbers of mesenchymal cells |
| osteoclasts | cells that remove and recycle bone matrix |
| osteolysis | active resorption of bone matrix by osteoclasts |
| osteon | the basic functional unit of mature compact bone |
| central canal (haversian canal) | contains one or more blood vessels that carry blood to and from the osteon |
| perforating canals (volkmann's canal) | extend perpendicular to the surface, supply blood to osteons deeper in the bone and to tissues of the medullary cavity |
| trabeculae | the matrix in spongy bone forms a meshwork of supporting bundles of fibers |
| red bone marrow | responsible for blood cell formation |
| yellow bone marrow | adipose tissue important as an energy reserve |
| periosteum | a membrane with a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer |
| endosteum | an incomplete cellular layer lines the medullary cavity |
| calcification | the deposisition of calcium salts |
| endochondral ossification | bone replaces cartilage |
| intramembranous ossification (dermal ossification) | begins when osteoblasts differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue |
| primary ossification center | bone development begins at this site |
| secondary ossification center | capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into these areas |
| articular cartilage | this cartilage prevents damaging bone to bone contact within the joint |
| epiphyseal cartilage (epiphyseal plate) | at the metaphysis a relatively narrow cartilaginous region |
| epiphyseal line | in adults the former location of this cartilage is often detectable in x-rays |
| dermal bones | bones that result from dermal ossification, examples are flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicle |
| ossification center | the location in a tissue where ossification begins |
| spicules | the developing bone grows outward from the ossification center in small struts |
| remodeling | the organic and mineral components of the bone matrix are continuously being recycled and renewed through this process |
| calcitriol | promotes calcium and phosphate ion absorption along the digestive tract -kidneys |
| growth hormone | stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix -pituitary gland |
| thyroxine | with growth hormone, stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix -thyroid gland |
| sex hormones | stimulate osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix; estrogens stimulate epiphyseal closer earlier than androgens -ovaries, testes |
| parathyroid hormone | stimulates osteoclast activity; elevates calcium ion concentrations in body fluids -parathyroid gland |
| calcitonin | inhibits osteoclast activity; promotes calcium loss by kidneys; reduces calcium ion concentration in body fluids -thyroid gland |
| fracture | the damaged produced |
| fracture hematoma | a large blood clot |
| external callus | enlarged collar of cartilage and bones forms and encircles the bone at the level of the fracture |
| internal callus | organizes within the medullary cavity and between the broken ends of the shaft |
| osteoporosis | reduction in bone mass is sufficient to compromise normal function |
| osteopenia | the bones become thinner and weaker, inadequate ossification |
| osteoclast-activating factor | cancers of the bone marrow, breast or other tissues release this chemical |
| axial skeleton | forms the longitudinal axis of the body 80 bones |
| the skull | 8 cranial bones, 14 facial bones |
| associated with the skull | 6 auditory ossicles and the hyoid bone |
| vertebral column | 24 vertebrae, the sacrum and the coccyx |
| thoracic cage | the sternum and 24 ribs |
| appendicular skeleton | supports the limbs |
| cranium | 8 bones form this or the braincase |
| cranial bones | temporal, occipital, frontal, parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid |
| facial bones | maxillae, lacrimal, nasal, zygomatic bone, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, vomer |
| nasal septum | subdivides the nasal cavity |
| sutures | the connections between the skull bones of adults are immovable joints |
| calvaria | skullcap |
| orbits | the bony recesses that contain the eyes |
| orbital complex | there are 7 bones that form each orbit |
| nasal complex | maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, frontal, sphenoid, inferior nasal conchae |
| paranasal sinuses | the sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal, palatine |
| fontanelles | the large fibrous areas between the cranial bones |
| primary curves (accommodation curves) | the c-shape results from the thoracic and sacral curves |
| secondary curves (compensation curves) | the lumbar and cervical curves, do not appear until several months after birth; help shift the weight to permit an upright posture |
| vertebral body (centrum) | part of the vertebra that transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column |
| vertebral arch | forms the posterior margin of each vertebral formane |
| kyphosis | the normal thoracic curvature becomes exaggerated posteriorly producing a round back appearance |
| lordosis | both the abdomen and buttocks protrude abnormally, the cause is an anterior exaggeration f the lumbar curvature; pregnancy |
| scoliosis | an abnormal curvature of the spine in one or more of the movable vertebrae |
| articulations | joints, where two bones interconnect |
| synarthrosis | an immovable joint; fibrous or cartilaginous |
| amphiarthrosis | slightly movable joint; fibrous or cartilaginous |
| diarthrosis | a freely movable joint or synovial joint |
| suture | is a synarthrotic joint located only between the bones of the skull |
| gomphosis | is a synarthosis that binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible |
| synchondrosis | a rigid, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones |
| synotosis | is a totally rigid, immovable joint created when two bones fuse and the boundary between them disappears |
| syndesmosis | bones are connected by a ligament |
| symphysis | the articulating bones are separated by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage |
| synovial joint | permit a wider range of motion than do other types of joints |
| synovial fluid | contains a high concentration of proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts of the synovial membrane |
| meniscus | a pad of fibrocartilage located between opposing bones within a synovial joint |
| fat pads | localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a layer of synovial membrane |
| accessory ligaments | support, strengthen, and reinforce synovial joints |
| intristic ligaments or capsular ligaments | localized thickenings of the joint capsule |
| extrinsic ligaments | are separate from the joint capsule |
| sprain | a ligament is stretched to the pint at which some of the collagen fibers are torn but the ligament as a whole survives and the joint is not damaged |
| bursae | small, fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue; shock absorbers |
| dislocation (luxation) | when reinforcing structures cannot protect a joint from extreme stresses |
| subluxation | partial dislocation |
| gliding | two opposing surfaces slide past one another |
| angular movement | the movements that change the angle with the surface |
| monaxial | an articulation that permits movement along only one axis |
| biaxial | if the movement can occur along two axes |
| triaxial | the most mobile joints permit a combination of angular movement and rotation |
| nonaxial | joints that permit gliding allow only small amount of movement |
| mulitaxial | permit only small sliding movements because sliding may occur in any direction |
| flexion | is movement in the anterior- posterior plane that decrease the angle between articulating bones |
| extension | occurs in the same plane, but it increases the angle between articulating bones |
| hyperextension | extension past the anatomical position |
| abduction | is movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane |
| adduction | moving it back to the anatomical position |
| pronation | turns the wrist and hand from palm facing front to palm facing back |
| supination | the opposing movement in which the palm is tuned anteriorly |
| inversion | twisting movement of the foot that turns the sole inward, elevating the medial edge of the sole |
| eversion | the opposite movement of inversion |
| dorsiflexion (ankle flexion) | flexion at the ankle joint and elevation of the sole as when you dig in your heel |
| plantar flexion (ankle extension) | the opposite movement, extends the ankle joint and elevates the heel, as when you stand on tiptop |
| opposition | the movement of the thumb toward the surface of the palm or the pads of other fingers |
| reposition | the movement that returns the thumbs and fingers from opposition |
| protraction | moving a body part anteriorly in the horizontal plane |
| retraction | the reverse movement of retraction |
| elevation and depression | occur when a structure moves in a superior or an inferior direction, respectively |
| lateral flexion | occurs when your vertebral column bends to the side |
| gliding joints (plane joints) | have flattened or slightly curved faces; slight movement, nonaxial or mulitaxial; intercarpal and interertarsal joints |
| hinge joints | permit angular movement in a single plane, like the opening and closing of a door; monaxial |
| pivot joints | monaxial, but they permit only rotation; atlanto-axial joint, proximal radio-ulnar joint |
| condylar joint (ellippsoid joint) | an oval articular face nestles within a depression in the opposing surface; radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalengeal joints |
| saddle joints (sellar joints) | biaxial; first carpometacarpal joint |
| ball and socket joint | tri-axial; shoulder joint, hip joint |
| intervertebral discs | the vertebrae are separated and cushioned by pads of fibrocartilage |
| anulus fibrosus | a tough outer layer of fibrocartilage |
| nucleus pulposus | a soft, elastic, gelatinous core |
| vertebral end plates | end plates that are composed of hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage |
| anterior longitudinal ligament | which connects the anterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies |
| posterior longitudinal ligament | which parallels the anterior longitudinal ligament and connects the posterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies |
| ligamentum flavum | connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae |
| interspinous ligament | connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae |
| supraspinous ligament | which interconnects the tips of the spinous processes from c7 to the sacrum |
| ligamentum nuchae | extends from c7 to the base of the skull |
| slipped disc | the compressed nucleus pulposus may distort the anulus fibrosus forcing it partway into the vertebral canal |
| herniated disc | the nucleus pulposus breaks though the anulus fibrious it too may protude into the vertebral canal |
| shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) | permits the greatest range of motion of any joint |
| glenoid labrum | fibrocartilaginous which continues beyond the bony rim and deepens the socket |
| shoulder separation | a relatively common injury involving partial or complete dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint |
| rheumatism | indicates pain and stiffness affecting the skeletal system, the muscular system or both |
| arthritis | encompasses all the rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints |
| continuous passive motion (CPM) | of any injured joint appears to encourage the repair process by improving the circulation of synovial fluid |
| skeletal muscles | organs composed mainly of skeletal muscle tissue, but they also contain connective tissues, nerves and blood fibers |
| epimysium | a dense layer of collagen fibers that surrounds the entire muscle |
| perimysium | divides the skeletal muscle into a series of compartments |
| fascicle | a bundle of muscle fibers |
| endomysium | surrounds the indivudal skeletal muscle cells and loosely interconnect interconnects adjacent muscle fibers |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.