| Term | Definition |
| outwash plains | formed by gravel, sand, and clay that is carried from glaciers by melting water and streams |
| humus | leftover decomposed plant and animal matter |
| seismic waves | energy released as vibrations caused by rocks along fault lines moving and breaking |
| permeability | the rate at which water can pass through a porous material |
| crust | solid rock that makes up Earth's outermost layer |
| horizon | layer of soil that is different from the layers above and below it |
| glacier | large mass of snow and ice that moves over land |
| soil profile | vertical section of soil from the surface down to the bedrock |
| terminus | the end or outer margin of a glacier |
| fault | a break in Earth's outer layer caused by the movement of rocks |
| pore space | space between soil particles |
| moraine | rock debris carried and deposited by a glacier |
| earthquake | a movement or vibration in Earth |
| erratics | isolated boulders left behind by a glacier |
| mantle | layer of rock lying below the crust |