Botany
About this set
Created by:
hargrovegj on October 16, 2012
Subjects:
light reactions, calvin cycle, transport and nutrition
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56 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Primary kinds of molecules the cell uses? what happens to them in a reaction? | ATP, NADPH, NADH, FADH2. they are reduced. |
| What are redox reactions? what is usually left behind? | reduction, oxidation of a reagent. a proton is usually left behind. |
| What does semi-permeable mean? | Not all ions get through the concentration gradient |
| What is a concentration gradient? | Selectively permeable part of the membrane |
| What is ATP Synthase? Where does it occur? | Complex that makes ATP in the membrane |
| Photosynthesis | conversion of light energy to chemical energy |
| What are pigments? | substances that absorb light |
| Why is Chlorophyll A the primary pigment? | It is in the reaction center, makes up reaction center |
| Structure of Chloroplast | Outer membrane, Inner membrane-grana, thylakoid, Stroma |
| What molecules would you find in grana membranes? | chlorophyll a, accessory pigment, photosystems, electron transport protein, ATP synthase |
| What makes up a photosystem? | Antenna complex, Reaction Center |
| What is a photosystem? | groups of pigment molecules that absorb light |
| What is energy resonance transfer? | movement of an electron from molecule to molecule |
| Order of processes in light reactions? | photolysis, PSII, PSI, Cyclic electron flow |
| Where does calvin cycle occur? | Stroma |
| What are energy requirements for calvin cycle? | 9 ATP, 6 NADPH |
| Order of reactions in Calvin Cycle? | Fixation, Reduction, Regeneration |
| How many turns of Calvin Cycle are required for one PGAL to go to cytoplasm? What happens to rest? | 3 turns, the rest remain in cycle or regenerate RuBP |
| What is Photorespiration? | O2 is consumed, CO2 is released, but no ATP is generated |
| Under what condition is Photorespiration a problem? | When CO2 levels are not high |
| Kranz anatomy | Stomata on both epidermis, large bundle sheaths, mesophyll is not divided |
| C4 photosynthesis | photosynthetic process that alters the way in which carbon is fixed to better deal with the lack of CO2 that comes from the closing of the stomata in hot, dry regions |
| CAM photosynthesis | The photosynthetic pathway in which carbon fixation takes place at night, and the resulting carbon acids are stored until daylight when they are broken down |
| Pressure flow hypothesis | sugars flow down the gradient from source to sink |
| Transpiration | loss of water vapor out of stomata, creates negative pressure |
| How do guard cells regulate transpiration and water movement? | they control the opening and closing of stomata |
| List the top macronutrients | (oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon) potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur |
| What are nutrient deficiencies? | sickness due to lack of nutrients |
| Why is obtaining nitrogen difficult for a plant? | Intense competition |
| How do root nodules help legumes deal with nitrogen deficiencies? | leaches away water taken up as NA3- and NH4+ |
| Cellular respiration | oxidation of organic molecules |
| Redox reagent | chemical that catalyzes redox reaction |
| NADPH | reduced form of NADP+ |
| Light | band along the electromagnetic spectrum |
| Absorption spectrum | range of absorbed, and reflected wavelengths |
| Chlorophyll | pigment that absorbs light |
| photolysis | splitting of water molecules, creates oxygen, protons, electrons |
| Photophosphorylation | protons flow back down concentration gradient |
| Cyclic electron flow | generates extra ATP needed for calvin cycle |
| RuBP | 5c sugar, ribulose 1, 5 biphosphate |
| Rubisco | RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase, enzyme |
| PGA | Phosphoglycerate, 5 c sugar |
| PGAL | 3 phosphate, 3 c sugar |
| PEPco | PEP carboxylase, enzyme |
| Carbon fixation | CO2 id fixed to RuBP by Rubisco |
| PGA reduction form | reduced to PGAL |
| Fates of PGAL | regenerate RuBP, Leave calvin cycle |
| Photorespiration | A metabolic pathway in plants that consumes oxygen, produces carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and reduces photosynthesis |
| Enzyme compartmentalization | physical separation of light in Calvin Cycle |
| Tensile strength | water forms strong column in xylem |
| Adhesion | water adheres to xylem creating tensility |
| Cohesion | water molecules adhere together creating tensility |
| Fertilizer | nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, has dangers |
| Nitrogen Fixation | Reduction of N2 to NH4+ |
| Root nodule | legume root, symbiosis |
| source to sink | the way sugars travel |
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