Biology Chapter 3
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Created by:
MadeltheMello on October 16, 2012
Description:
Mrs.Skinner Pre-AP Biology Grissom High School AL
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56 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen | the 4 main elements that make up 95% of an organism |
| organic compounds | compounds made primarily of carbon |
| hydrocarbons | compounds composed only of hydrogen and carbon |
| macromolecules | large organic molecules |
| CHO | carbohydrates and lipids are made of only these three elements (symbols) |
| four classes of macromolecules | polysaccharides (carbohydrates), triglycerides (lipids), polypeptides (proteins), nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) |
| CHON | proteins are made of these four elements (symbols) |
| CHON P | nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA contain these five elements (symbols) |
| trace elements | elements that your body only needs small amounts of for proper functioning of muscles, nerves, etc |
| trace elements | calcium, potassium, sulfur |
| polymers or macromolecules (organic compounds) | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| is in different ratios | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids all have CHO but are different because the CHO __ ___ _______ ____ |
| carbohydrates | used by the body for energy and structural support in cell walls of plants and exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans |
| monosaccharides (simple sugars) | smaller subunits that make up carbohydrates; have CHO in a 1:2:1 ratio; glucose, galactose, fructose |
| disaccharides | dougle sugars; simple sugars combine to make these |
| polysaccharides | long chains of sugars like cellulose, chitin, and glycogen |
| amino acids | the subunits that make up proteins and are used to build cells and do much of the work inside organisms; also act as enzymes |
| structure | in a protein, _________ dictates function |
| functional groups | the first five chemical groups |
| enzymes | protein molecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells; mediate biological reactions, act as biological catalysts |
| polypeptides | a chain of amino acids |
| proteins | act as enzymes in cells to control reactions |
| carboxyl and amino | the two functional groups in amino acids |
| thousands | cells have _______ of enzymes |
| removal of water | amino acids are linked together by the |
| protein | chains of amino acids make polypeptides, which can join together to make ________ |
| peptide bonds | the bond formed when amino acids are linked together |
| nonpolar | in something won't dissolve in water, what is it |
| lipids | large, nonpolar molecules |
| starch | a storage polysaccharide in plants; consists entirely of glucose monomers |
| lipids | fats, phospholipids, steroids |
| phospholipids | make up cell membranes |
| oxygen | lipids have more carbon and hydrogen atoms than _______ atoms |
| fats | made of a glycerol and three fatty acid chains |
| triglyceride | subunit of fat |
| steroids | lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains four fused rings |
| nucleotides | the subunits that make up nucleic acids |
| parts of a nucleotide | sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base are the |
| proteins | DNA has the instructions for making a cell's ________ |
| ATP | a high energy molecule made from a nucleotide with 3 phosphates |
| glycerol | what alcohol is found in a triglyceride |
| structural | these proteins provide association between body parts |
| insulin | this protein is a hormone that regulates the glucose content of blood |
| hemoglobin | transports oxygen in blood |
| unevenly | atoms of a peptide bond share electrons ________ because oxygen is MORE electronegative then nitrogen |
| 20 | there are __ different amino acids commonly found in cells |
| R group | amino acids differ in nature of __ _______, ranging from single hydrogen to complicated ring compounds |
| peptide | 2 or more amino acids joined together |
| denaturation | the process of proteins losing their normal configuration and function |
| primary structure | a sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
| R groups | proteins differ by a particular sequence of the __ ________ |
| secondary structure | results when a polypeptide takes a particular shape |
| tertiary structure | results when proteins of secondary structure are folded, due to various interactions between the R groups of their constituent amino acids |
| quaternary structure | results when 2 or more polypeptides combine |
| four | hemoglobin is a globular protein with a quaternary structure of ____ polypeptides |
| quaternary structure | most enzymes have __________ ________ |
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