Health Science
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Created by:
mbartis1924 on October 16, 2012
Description:
Unit 6 chapters 15-19
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166 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Blood performs what 3 general functions? | transport, regulation, and protection |
| The color of blood varies from red to a darker blue-red. What is the difference in color caused by? | the amount of oxygen in the blood |
| The average adult has ____ to _____ L of blood. | 4 to 6 |
| What is the blood composed of? | plasma, blood cells and cell fragments |
| Red blood cells are also called | erythrocytes |
| RBC's are primarily involved in | the transport of oxygen to all body tissues |
| White blood cells are also called | leukocytes |
| What do WBC's do | protect the body against infection |
| Platelets are also called | thrombocytes |
| Platelets protect ___________ | the body from bleeding |
| The separation of blood into 2 phases forms a basis of a blood test called the | hemacrit |
| The _________ is the percentage of blood cells in a sample of blood | hemacrit |
| The process of blood cell formation is called | hemopoieses |
| Where are the 3 types of blood cells made (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets) | hemopoietic tissue |
| When the oxygen in the body tissue decreases, the kidneys sense the need for additional oxygen and secrete a hormone called | erythropoietin |
| The _________ stimulates the bone marrow to produce additional RBCs. | erythropoietin |
| Patients with declining kidney function do not produce enough EPO and therefore become anemic. This type of anemia is called | anemia of chronic renal failure |
| Patients with bone marrow depression may be given _______ as a drug to increase RBC production. | EPO (erythropoietin) |
| The production of RBCs is called | erythropoiesis |
| Blood formation in the red bome marrow is called | myeloid hemopoieses |
| blood formation in the lymphatic organs is called | lymphoid hemopoieses |
| A hereditary deficiency of factor VIII resulting in an impaired ability to clot blood and severe bleed episodes is called | hemophilia |
| What is the 3rd step in the hemostasis process? | blood clotting |
| The process that stops bleeding is called | hemostasis |
| Hemostasis involves 3 events, what are they? | blood vessel spasm, the formation of a platelet plug, and blood clotting |
| A ________ is formed by a series of chemical reactions that result in the formation of a netlike structure | blood clot |
| The net, or framework, of the clot is composed of protein fibers called | fibrin |
| The process of WBC production is called | leukopoieses |
| WBCs that contain granules are called ________ and are produced in the red bone marrow | granulocytes |
| WBCs that do not have granules in their cytoplasm are called | argranulocytes |
| What are the 3 types of granulocytes (type of WBCs) | neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils |
| The 2 types of agranulocytes are | lymphocytes and monocytes |
| What is the most common granulocyte? | neutrophil |
| The neutrophils most imprtant role is | phagocytosis |
| The eosinophils function is | inflammatory responses, parasitic infection, and allergies |
| The basophils main functions is | inflammatory responses, and release of heparin |
| The lymphocytes main function is | immunity |
| the monocytes main function is | phagocytosis |
| What are the types of WBCs? | granulocytes (neutrophils,eosinophils,and basophils) agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes) |
| Red blood cells do what? | transport oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| What are the 3 types of RBCs? | hemoglobin, hematocrit, and reticulocytes |
| Platelets (thrombocytes) help control what? | blood loss from injured blood vessels |
| An immature RBC is called | reticulocyte |
| Red blood cells are filled with a large protein molecule called | hemoglobin |
| The hemoglobin molecule is responsible for? | RBC function |
| What are the different blood types? | A, B, AB, O |
| The universal blood type? | O |
| What blood type can receive blood from A and O types and donate blood to A, and AB types? | blood type A |
| What bllod type can receive blood from B and O types and donate blood to B and AB types? | Blood type B |
| What blood type can receive blood from A,B,AB, and O types and donate to only AB types | Blood type AB |
| What blood type can receive blood from O and donate to O,A,B, and AB types? | Blood type O |
| Blood is also classified according to the what factor? | The RH factor |
| The ________ factor is an antigen located on the surface of the RBC | RH |
| Anemias are caused by | excess destruction (hemolytic anemia) or loss (bleeding) of RBCs (hemorrhagic anemia) |
| RBC production falters if conditions are disorderd or necessary substances are missing; this is known as | anemia |
| What are tiny fragments of megakaryocytes, produced in red bone marrow, has a life span of 5-9 days, and function to prevent blood loss (key role in hemostasis)? | platelets (thrombocytes) |
| Insufficient of RBCs is | anemia |
| what are the 3 layers of tissue the heart is made of? | endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium |
| The hearts innermost layer that lines the valves and is continuous with the blood vessels that eneter and leave the heart. | endocardium |
| The thickest of the 3 layers composed of cardiac muscle that contracts and pumps blood through the blood vessels | myocardium |
| The thin outermost layer of the heart that also helps form the pericardium | epicardium |
| The heart is supported by a slinglike structure called the | pericardium |
| What are the 4 chambers of the heart | 2 atria and 2 ventricles |
| The ______ are the upper chambers and receive the blood into the heart | atria/atrium |
| The _______ are the lower chambers and pump blood out of the heart | ventricles |
| The ________ seperates the 2 atria | interatrial septum |
| The ______ seperates the 2 ventricles | interventricular septum |
| _______ is a thin walled cavity that receives unoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae | right atrium |
| The right ventricle receives unoxygenated blood from the______ | right atrium |
| The primary function of th e right ventricle is to? | pump blood throught the pulmonary arteries to the lungs |
| the _________ is a thin walled cavity that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through 4 pulmonary veins | left atrium |
| The primary function of the left ventricle is to? | pump blood into the systemic circulation |
| The purpose of the heart valves is to? | keep the blood flowing in a forward direction |
| Where do the hearts valve's lie? | at the entrance and exit of the ventricles |
| What are the 4 valves of the heart? | 2 atrioventricular valves and 2 semilunar valves |
| The heart sounds are made by vibrations caused by the closure of the valves. When the valves become faulty, the heart sounds change. This is known as | murmur |
| The large blood vessels atached to the heart are called the | great vessels |
| What do the great vessels include? | the superior and inferior venae cavae, pulmonary artery, 4 pulmonary veins, and the aorta |
| What do the great blood vessels of the heart do? | carry blood to and from the heart |
| Fibrinolysis | clot break down |
| What is the key role for platelets? | hemostasis |
| Blood is composed of what 2 parts? | plasma and formed elements (blood cells and cell fragments) |
| What helps regulate fluid volume, protect body from pathogens, and prevent excessive blood loss in the event of injury? | plasma |
| __________ is the plasma minus the clotting process | serum |
| low crit level = | lower red blood cells = anemic |
| high crit level could be due to ? | dehydration or low blood volume |
| The process of blood cell formation is called | hemopoiesis |
| Blood formation in the red bone marrow is called | myeloid hemopoiesis |
| Blood formation in the lymphatic organs is called | lymphoid hemopoieses |
| Under certain conditions the bone marrow cannot produce enough blood cells. This is called | myelosuppression |
| Depressed bone marrow leads to a severe deficiency of RBCs causing a serious form of anemia called | aplastic anemia |
| Myelosuppression can also cause a deficiency of WBCs called | leukopenia |
| low RBCs = | aplastic anemia |
| low WBCs = | leukopenia |
| low platelets = | thrombocytopenia |
| What are anisocytosis | unequal sized RBCs |
| what is Poikilocytosis | irregularly shaped RBCs |
| RBCs are filled with a large protein molecule called | hemoglobin |
| When the oxygen in the body tissues decreases, the kidneys since the need for additional oxygen and secrete a hormone called | erythropoietin |
| The process of WBC production is called | lekopoiesis |
| Granulocytes are produced in | red bone marrow |
| What is a neutrophils function? | phagocytosis |
| What is an eosinophils function? | inflammatory response, infection, allergies |
| what is a basophils function? | inflammatory response. release of heparin |
| what is a lymphocytes function? | immunity |
| what is a monocytes function? | phagocytosis |
| The process that stops bleeding is called | hemostasis |
| A blood clot is formed by | a series of chemical reactions that results in the formation of a netlike structure called fibrin |
| What is the series of stages the blod clot goes through to be formed? | injured vessel activates PTA calcium, PTA activates prthrombin to form thrombin, Thrombin activates fibrinogen, Acitvated fibrinogen forms the fibrin fibers (fibrin net) which forms the clot. |
| Thrombus (thrombi) | the process of blood clot formation |
| Embolus ( emboli ) | traveling blood clot |
| Heparin is secreted by | mast cells which is an anti-thrombin agent |
| ______ acts as an anticoagulant by removing thrombin from the clotting process | heparin |
| If an RBC contains the RH factor the blood is said to be | RH positive |
| If the RBC lacks the RH factor it is said to be | RH negative |
| A hereditary defiency of factor VIII, or the hemophilic factor, resulting in an impaired ability to clot blood and have severe bleed episodes | hemophilia |
| What is the blood flow through the heart? | Right atrium rcvs unoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior venae cava. The right arium sends the blood to the right ventricle where it is pumped out through the left and right pulmonary arteries to be oxygeneated. The the left atrium rcvs the oxygenated blood through the 4 pulmonary veins and send it to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the blood out of the aorta into the systemic circulation. |
| blood leaving the heart | artery |
| blood entering the heart | vein |
| The large blood vessels attached to the heart are called | the great vessels |
| WWhat are the great vessels | the superior and inferior venea cava, pulmonary artery, 4 pulmonary veins, and the aorta |
| the great vessels carry | blood to and from the heart |
| how many valves does the heart have and what are the purpose of them? | 4; The purpose of the heart valves is to keep the blood flowing in a forward direction. |
| Where do the hearts valves lie? | at the entrance and exit of the ventricals |
| What valve is between the right atrium and ventricle? | Tricuspid valve |
| What valve is between the left atrium and ventricle? | Bicuspid (mitral) valve |
| What valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery? | pulmonic valve |
| What valve is between the left ventricle and aorta? | Aortic valve |
| Blood flow through the heart including the valves | unoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior venea cava--right atrium--tricuspid valve--right ventricle--pulmonic semilunar valve--pulmonary artery(main)--pulmonary arteries (R & L)--pulmonary capillaries (w/i lungs)--4 pulmonary veins--left atrium--bicuspid valve (mitral valve)--left ventricle--aortic semilunar valve--out the aorta |
| what takes blood out of the heart | ateries |
| what takes blood into the heart | veins |
| The __________ is nourished by the coronary blood vessels. | myocardium (pump) |
| _______ must be maintaines if the heart is to function normally. | Coronary blood flow |
| Heart muscles contract in response to an electrical signal called the __________ which spreads throughout the heart, coordinating cardiac muscle contraction | the cardiac impulse |
| How does the heart know when to contract (pump) and when to relax? | The hearts conduction sstem initiates and electrical signal and then moves that signal along a special pathway through the heart |
| First both ________ must contract forcing blood into the relaxed _____. Then the ventricles contact forcing blood out of the heart. | Atria ; ventricles |
| The cardiac impulse that stimulates muscle contraction is an | electrical signal |
| _______ originates the cardiac impulse | SA node |
| Cardiac impulse spreads to the _______, left atrium from the SA node and the Atria contract | AV node |
| AV node slows cardiac impulse and sends it to ______ | bundle of his |
| Bundleof his sends cardiac impulse to ________ throught the ventricles and the ventricles contract. | Purkinje fibers |
| What is the flow of the cardiac impulse? | SA node---atrial conducting fibers-----AV node-----Bundle of his----Bundle branches (right and left)------Purkinje fibers |
| the heart functions as | a pump supplying blood to every cell in the body |
| The _______ is the sequence of events that occurs during one heart beat. It is a coordintated contraction and relaxation of the chambers of the heart | cardiac cycle |
| Contraction of the hear muscle (myocardium) is called | systole |
| Relaxation of the myocardium is called | diastole |
| Contraction of the heart muscle during systole _________ | pumps blood out of a chamber |
| Blood fills a chamber during | diastole |
| _______ and ________ are important in establishing the normal heart rate and rhythm. | SA node and AV node |
| The blood supply that nourishes and oxygenates the myocardium is provided by the | coronary arteries |
| Where do the coronary arteries arise from | the base of the aorta, just beyond the aortic semilunar valve |
| What are the 2 main coronary arteries | the left and right |
| __________ nourishes the right side of the heart and also supplies blood to the parts of the electrical conduction system | Right coronary artery |
| ___________ branches into the left anterior descending (LAD) artery and the circumflex artery. It carries blood to the left side of the heart | left coronary artery |
| The _______ collect the blood that nourishes the myocardium and carry blood to thee coronary sinus, which empties the blood into the right atrium | coronary veins |
| Diminished blood flow and oxygen deprivation | ischemia |
| chest pain | angina |
| heart attack | myocardial infarction |
| Autonomic control of thee heart aloows the heart to | respond to changing body needs |
| Autonomic control of the heart involves _____ and ______ (vagal) nerves | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| _________ stimulation speeds up the speed of the cardiac impulse | sympathetic |
| __________ stimulation slows downt the speed of the cardiac impulse | parasympathetic |
| ____ are blood vessels that caryy blood away from the heart | arteries |
| ______ are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart | veins |
| ________ failure is caused by chronic hypertension | left heart |
| ______failure is caused by chronic lung disease | right heart |
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