Bone health: measurements and minerals
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47 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) | provides a full body scan |
| recomended for post-menopausal women | DXA |
| Quantitative Ultrasound | measures bone density in heal, wrist or kneecap |
| recomended for screening | pDXA and Quantitative Ultrasound |
| most abundant majour mineral in body | calcium |
| not enough calcium | cramping |
| regulated partially by calcium | acid base balance in blood |
| role of calcium | forms and maintains bones and teeth, and assists in muscle contraction |
| food sources for calcium | skim milk, low-fat cheese, non-fat yogurt, green leafy vegetables |
| 99% of calcium in body is in bones in form of. | hydroxyapatite or in collagen matrix with phosphorous |
| maximum calcium absorbed from a meal or supplement | 500mg |
| absorption of calcium during growth periods | 50-60% |
| calcium absorption in healthy adults | 30% |
| calcium absorption in elderly | 25% |
| pysically bind calcium and prevent absorption | phytates and oxalates in seeds, nuts, grains, green vegetables |
| too much calcium | interferes with iron, zinc and magnesium absorption or excreted in feces |
| fat soluble vitamin | Vitamin D |
| excess vitamin D stored in. . . | liver and fat tissues |
| vitamin ___ stimulates osteoclast to break down bone | D |
| roles of vitamin D | bone calcification, regulates blood calcium levels, required for calcium and phosphorous absorption |
| food sources of vitamin D | fatty fish, fortified milk or margarine |
| cause of hypercalcemia | too much vitamin D |
| symptom of hypercalcemia | disability and death due to calcification of soft tissues |
| osteomalacia | weak, painful bones in adults as a result of vitamin D deficiency |
| Phylloquinone | plant form of vitamin K |
| menaquinone | form of vitamin K produced from bacteria in large intestine |
| functions of vitamin K | blood coagulation, bone metabolism |
| food sources of vitamin K | green leafy vegetables and vegetable oil |
| too much vitamin K | interference with anticoagulant medications |
| too little vitamin K | excessive bleeding |
| cause of too little vitamin K | disease that disturb absorption of fat in the small intestine |
| primary intracellular negatively charged electrolyte | phosphorus |
| functions of phosphorus | in mineral composition of bone, fluid balance, component of ATP, DNA and phospholipid membranes |
| food sources of phosphorus | high protein foods (milk, egss, meats) and in processed food as an additive, and cola drinks |
| too much phosphorus | high plasma phosphorus levels, muscle spasms and convulsions |
| how much magnesium is found in bones? | 50%-60% |
| functions of magnesium | regulates formation of hydroxyapatite crystals, cofactor for 300 enzymes, required for production of ATP, DNA, and proteins |
| food sources of magnesium | green leafy vegetables, whole grains, seeds, nuts, seafood, beans, some dairy products |
| too much magnesium | diarrhea, nausea, cramps, dehyderation |
| too little magnesium | low blood calcium and osteoperosis |
| 99% is stored in teeth an bones | fluoride and calcium |
| sources of flouride | fluoridated dental products and fluoridated water |
| too much flouride | porous tooth enamel |
| too little flouride | dental caries |
| most common anti-resorptive medication with least side effects | Bisphophonates |
| anti-resorptive medication that can increase risk for breast cancer and heart disease | estrogen replacement therapy |
| anti-resorptive medication that needs to be injected | calcitonin |
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