Endocrine System
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Created by:
krollins on December 5, 2009
Classes:
Grants Nursing, A&P2, summer's bio
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91 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Hyposecretion of the pancreas | Diabetes Mellitus |
| Hyposecretion of growth hormone | Pituitary Dwarfism |
| Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex | Addison's Disease |
| Hypersecretion of growth hormone | Acromegaly |
| Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants | Cretinism |
| Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex | Cushing's Disease |
| The gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction | Adrenal Medulla |
| Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body | Pancreas |
| Produces the body's major metabolic hormones | Thyroid |
| Produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue | Parathyroid |
| The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands | Hypophysis |
| In humans, melatonin may inhibit sexual maturation | True |
| Follicle cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroglobulin, while follicle cells of the parathyroid produce calcitonin | False |
| The thyroid gland is embedded in the parathyroid tissue | False |
| The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis | True |
| The beta cells are the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin | True |
| Peptide hormones enter the target cells and elicit a response by mediating neurotransmitter effects | False |
| Calcitonin is a peptide hormone that has destructive effects on the skeletal system | False |
| Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenals but the least abundant | False |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium | True |
| While glucagon is a small polypeptide, it is nevertheless very potent in its regulatory effects | True |
| The thyroid gland is a large gland that controls metabolic functions throughout the life of an individual | True |
| The antagonistic hormones that regulate the blood calcium level are calcitonin-parathormone | True |
| Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters | True |
| All of the following hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis: ACTH, FSH, and LH | True |
| Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine | True |
| The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid | False |
| Growth hormone always exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones | False |
| Diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus are both caused by a genetic mutation involving the synthesis of insulin | False |
| The stimulus for calcitonin release is usually excessive amounts of growth hormone synthesis | False |
| Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress | False |
| Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system | False |
| All peptide hormone synthesis requires gene activation that produces mRNA | True |
| The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin | False |
| All adenohypophyseal hormones except GH affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP second-messenger | True |
| The endocrine structure that develops from the nervous system is the anterior pituitary | False |
| Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system | True |
| ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones | True |
| LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin | True |
| The only known effect of prolactin in humans is to produce impotence in males | False |
| Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions | True |
| Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________. | Cortisol |
| ADH ________. | is inhibited by alcohol |
| Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________. | entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei. |
| Gonadocorticoid(s) ________. | production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty |
| Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________. | down-regulation |
| Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? | direct control of the nervous system |
| The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ___ | the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ |
| Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. | hypophyseal portal system |
| The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________. | it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release |
| Insulin, a small (51-amino-acid) protein, is synthesized by the beta cells of the pancreas. This hormone is released ________. | when the body's glucose level rises |
| Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. | entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene |
| Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________. | Thymus gland |
| The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. | binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP |
| Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________. | during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes |
| Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________. | G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers |
| Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. | steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells |
| When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________. | Epinephrine |
| One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? | humoral stimulation |
| The major targets of growth hormone are ________. | bones and skeletal muscles |
| The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________. | targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released |
| Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? | Heart |
| Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. | Cortisol |
| Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. | Second messengers |
| Leptin is secreted by ________. | Adipocytes |
| The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________. | Aldosterone |
| Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? | Epinephrine |
| Which of the following does not act as a second messenger in second-messenger systems of hormone action? | Calmodulin |
| Select the correct statement about the structure or function of chemical messengers. | An amino acid derivative can be a hormone |
| Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells? | a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA |
| Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________. | possible activation of several different second-messenger systems |
| Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________. | first enter into the hypophyseal portal system |
| ACTH ________. | secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion |
| Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis? | Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood |
| Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? | Enzyme |
| Aldosterone ________. | functions to increase sodium reabsorption |
| The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is ________. | Thyroid Hormone |
| Which organ does not have hormone production? | Liver |
| In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. | Up-regulation |
| Eicosanoids do not include ________. | Hydrocortisones |
| A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. | FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes |
| Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults? | Liver |
| Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? | It does not require a second messenger to effect a response |
| Factors that inhibit TSH release do not include ________. | excessively high blood iodine concentrations |
| Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress. They accomplish this by ________. | increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure |
| Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. | Hormones |
| What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-base hormones? | Calcium |
| The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________. | is partly contained within the infundibulum |
| Tropic hormones ________. | include ACTH and TSH |
| Growth hormone ________. | promotes long bone growth during the formative years |
| Oxytocin ________. | release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism |
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