botany reveiw
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Created by:
beckaboo137 on October 17, 2012
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77 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 polarity | the property of a neutral molecule where a extremely electronegative portion draws the shared electrons closer to itself, creating partial charges on diferent parts of the molecule |
| cohesion/adhesion | the attractive of like molecule towards one another due to polarity |
| hydration shell | the shell of water molecules that surround ions |
| waters high tensile strength | is the property that allows for very thin water collumns to be strong even if they are suppper long |
| waters high specific heat | The property that says that the molecule can absorb a lot of energy without raising the temperature by a lot |
| water high latent heat of vaporization | the heat that is given off when something undergoes a phase change, very high in water. Is why it feels cool when you sweat |
| osmosis | the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane due to the need to equalize water potential on both sides of the membrane |
| bulk flow | the flow of water throughout the entirety of the plant |
| chemical potential (μ) | The free energy per mole of a substance |
| osmotic pressure | the pressure developed by a solution separated from pure water by a semipermeable membrane |
| osmotic or solute potential | the change in free energy of water caused by the addition of solutes. |
| water potential | the sum of solute and pressure potential |
| Van't Hoff Equation | Ψw=Ψs+Ψp+Ψm+Ψg |
| pressure potential | the force the that liquid applies to it's membrane |
| matric potential | how tightly bound the water is to the surfaces of soil for exampl;e |
| gravitational potential | the potential energy that the molecule has do to the forces of gravity |
| Diffusion | the movement of liquids across a semi-permeable membrane |
| Aquaporins | proteins that provide a quicker way for ater to move across the membrane by creating a polar interior |
| gated channels | channels that can be opened and closed based on the conditions within and around the cell |
| tonoplast | the membrane of the vacuole |
| PIP | Plasma membrane Integral Protein |
| TIP | Tonoplast Integral Protein |
| turgid cells/turgor pressure | the pressure potenial of the cell is positive and the cell membrane is pressing up against the cell wall |
| flaccid cells | the pressure potenial of the cell is 0. |
| plasmolyzed cells | the pressure potential of the cell is negative, this can cause permanent damage to the cell |
| elasticity modules | measure the elasticity of cell walls, can be measured on a Hoffler plot. |
| gravitational water | the water that drains out of soil due to gravity |
| field capacity | the water that is left after the gravitational water drains |
| permanent wilting percentage | the water that is left after the plant has removed all the water it is able to |
| available water | the difference between the field capacity and the permanent wilting percentage |
| root hairs and water uptake | increase the amount of water uptake dby a) going into new areas to get that water and b) increasing the absorptive surface area. |
| apical meristem | the tip of the root that where all cells originate from |
| cell path | apical meristem-> zone of cell division-> zone of cell elongation |
| lignin and suberin | hydrophobic compound used to discourage a surface's association with water, or to block water's path all together |
| restriction of root absortion | root absorbtion is restricted to the tips only to maintain the tension produced by the negative water potential within the plant |
| stele | xylem, phloem, pericycle |
| xylem | dead cells that carry water up the plant |
| phloem | column of cells that carry sugars throughout the plant |
| pericycle | ring of cells around xylem and phloem, would be the origon of lateral roots. Also controls the movement of water into the xylem |
| symplast and symplatic path | the connected network of living cells within a plant. The path would be staying within cytoplasm by traveling cell to cell through the plasmodesmata |
| apoplast and apoplastic path | all of the space that is not within a cell in a plant. The path does still need to pass through at least one cell to get by the suberin wall into the xylem |
| tracheids | thin tubes in the xylem |
| vessel | thick tubes in the xylem, can carry a lot more water, but are not as structurally sound |
| perforation plate | the plate that separate cells in vessels. Have holes so that water can move up the plant |
| pits | the holes between cells in the tracheids of the xylem |
| Poiseuilles equation | basically says that water carrying capacity is proportional to the radius of the tube |
| cohesion tension theory | The theory that explains how water moves up a plant. When water evaporates out of the leaves the water column wants to still be intact, so it pulls water up to replace the stuff that has evaporated. |
| transpiration | two step process by which the plant loses water. 1) evaporation of water into the spaces within the leaf and 2) the movement of that water vapor out of the leaf due to the vapor pressure gradient |
| evaporative cooling | the process by which the plant can cool by allowing evaporation to occur, due to the high latent heat of water. |
| relative humidity | a measure of how much water vapor is in the air, in relation to how much water vapor is in it at saturation |
| vapor pressure | the pressure between two volumes of air with varying amount of vapor |
| boundary layer | a layer of still air that surrounds the leaf, dependant on the shape of the leaf as well as the amount and size of leaf hairs. |
| leaf resistance or conductance | the resistance to the movement of water vapor out of the leaf due to the opening and closing of stomata |
| embolims cause | when there is high xylem tension and demand for water. |
| embolims repair | parenchyma cells secrete solutes into the embolism. This causes water to migrate there due to the really negative water potential. The water eventually pressurizes the water to the point that it redissolves into the solution |
| hydraulic conductivity | the ability of a plant to transport water |
| osmotic adjustment | a net increase in solute concentration in a cell that is independent of changes in volume |
| plant stress | unfavorable plant conditions |
| stress tolerance | the ability of a plant to cope with unfavorable conditions |
| adaption and acclimation | tolerance can be due to 1) the genetically predetermined ability to cope with a level of stress and 2) an increase in tolerance due to prior exposure to a stress |
| true dessication tolerance | very rare way to deal with drought stress. The plant dries out completely and can rehydrate later and regain functionality |
| poikilochlorophyllous | plants that break down their chlorophyll as they dry out |
| homiochlorophyllous | as they dry out they protect their chloroplasts and also increase protective pigments |
| requirements for reactivation | 1) any damage incurred when drying is not lethal 2) some metabolic functions are maintained in a dry state 3) any damage incurred is repaired when the plant is rehydrated |
| avoidance | stratedgy for dealing with drought stress. The plant will just not grow and undergo it's life cycle when water is not abundant. Dormant seeds are common in these species |
| dessication postponers spenders and savers of water | plants avoid dessication by saving water when it is plentiful, commonly have pleats and immense root systems. OR they can just go on as usual when under water stress. Due to immense root system that reaches all the way down to the water table. |
| fiberous roots | roots that can grow laterally, usually in a mat near the surface |
| tap root | a root that reaches very deep to get at water in the water table |
| guard cells important features | 1) rapidly and reveribly alter their tugor pressure 2) guard cell shape at high and low turgor pressure depends on wall properties 3) symplastically isolated (no plasmodesmata) |
| hydropassive closure | metabolically indepenant, triggered by direcct water loss from guard cells |
| hydroactive closure | metabolically dependant, triggered by decreasing water potential of mesophyll cells during drought (mediated by ABA). |
| ABA | hormone that regulates stomata closure |
| in plastids within chloroplasts or amyloplasts in root | ABA is produced in |
| mesophyll cells | ABA is released from |
| osmolyte | compatible solutes that do not interfere with cellular processes even at high concentrations |
| essential nutrient | its absence causes the plant to not be able to complete a normal life cycle |
| calcium and iron | immobiule nutrients |
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