09 fall semester final
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106 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 torah | sacred jewish text; first 5 books of old testament; laws and customs |
| abraham | father of israelites; made special covenant with god; first jewish guy |
| hittites | first to extract iron from ore; used the iron for weapons |
| ziggurat | religious temple/site in ancient societies; worshiping and sacrificing might occur there |
| hammurabi's code | 1st ever attempt to write down the laws of a society--bablyon |
| cultural diffusion | spread of ideas, customs, technologies; occurs during migration, trade, and war |
| socrates | teacher of plato; used a method of questioning to invoke thought from students; died after drinking hemlock as a punishment for corrupting athens' youth |
| plato | student of socrates; distrusted democracies; wrote "The Republic" |
| aristotle | plato's student; developed "golden mean"; founded Lyceum; alexander the great's teacher |
| alexander the great | conquered LARGE empire including egypt, persia, india; combined cultures at a high level; |
| acropolis | location of temples in greek cities dedicated gods and goddesses; |
| athens | philosophical and artistic and democratic society; strong navy |
| sparta | militaristic society; education was minimal; discipline was key; most of work done by slaves; strong army |
| julius caesar | essentially ended Rome Republic by taking over; put down many rebellions; assassinated by senators who feared his power; developed special calendar |
| hannibal | carthaginian general who wanted revenge on rome; led army including elephants to rome through alps |
| cuneiform | earliest form of writing; creation of sumerians; system of pictographs |
| great schism | official split between roman catholic (west) and orthodox (east) churches; based on a difference of opinion on icons |
| five pillars | duties of islams including: declaration of faith, prayer, alms, ramadan, hajj |
| quran | holy scriptures of islam; based on bible and torah |
| shiite | muslims who believe the leader of the muslims should be a descendant of Muhammad |
| sunni | muslims who believe the leader of muslims should be the most qualified |
| sufi | muslims; worshipped god by meditating, fasting, and dancing |
| akbar the great | builder of mughal empire; preached/practiced tolerance; built good government through diverse advisors and qualified workers |
| Justinian | emperor of byzantine empire (rome); put laws together into a code; built the hagia sofia (a nice church) |
| gothic | architectural type; defined by flying buttresses; spires, and gargoyles...many cathedrals are built in this style |
| thomas aquinas | wrote summa theologica; determined faith and reason exist in harmony...and proved it in his book; now a saint |
| magna carta | signed in England by King John; protected nobles certain rights like habeus corpus; laid foundation for limited power governments |
| dante alighieri | Italian poet; wrote Divine Comedy--story about a journey through purgatory and hell |
| william the conqueror | only person to ever conquor england as an outsider; wrote the domesday book to help run country; one of the first to solidify the power of the king |
| council of clermont | when Pope Urban II called all christians to wage war against the "infidels" and take back the holy land; beginning of the Crusades |
| concordant of worms | settled the feud that started with Henry IV and Gregory VII (lay investiture); church could elect and name bishops...not emperors |
| papal supremacy | declaration that churches had more authority than emperors/governments; exemplified by Innocent III and Gregory VII |
| colbert | finance minister for louis xiv; mercantalist policies; made a france a very wealthy nation |
| versailles | palace for louis xiv; represented teh wealth, power, and excess of the french monarchy |
| oliver cromwell | leader of the roundheads during english civil war; led england when it was the "commonwealth"; led as dictator; puritan |
| commonwealth | name given to england when oliver cromwell was "lord protector"; occured after english civil war and between Charles I and charles II |
| charles I | "absolute" monarch of england, refused to sign petition of right, treated parliament and foes badly; eventually executed by parliament |
| charles II | signed petition of right; was catholic but allowed church of england; ruled after commonwealth |
| long parliament | during charles I reign in england; was in session when english civil war broke out; refused to adjourn because of their distrust of charles I |
| missi dominici | provencial rulers of charlemagne; enforced rules and collected taxes |
| 3 field system | method of crop rotation to make soil last longer: used grain, legumes, and nothing |
| benedictine rule | monastic life guidelines; obedience, chastity, and poverty |
| treaty of verdun | after charlemagne's death, split his empire into 3 for his grandsons; empire never recovered |
| charlemagne | leader of franks; united western europe; spread christianity; named holy roman emperor by leo III |
| innocent iii | implemented/solidified the concept of papal supremacy; made the papal office extreme powerful |
| abu bakr | muhammad's father in law; succeeded him leader of the muslims |
| geoffrey chaucer | english writer; wrote canterbury tales about a group of people travelling to st. thomas more's grave |
| joan of arc | french teen who got message from god to save france; she did; later captured and burned at stake as heretic; now a saint |
| suleiman the magnificent | greatest ottoman ruler; expanded ottoman lands in all directions |
| babur | founder of the mughal empire; military genius; grandfather of akbar the great |
| charles martel | leader of franks; defeated muslims at battle of tours; probably prevented europe from becoming muslim |
| feudalism | in medieval europe; used for protection of all peoples from attackers; a governing system and an economic system |
| mecca | #1 holy city for muslims; birthplace of muhammad; location of kaaba; destination of hajj |
| edict of nantes | issued by henry iv to protect huguenots; revoked by louis xiv |
| cardinal richelieu | advisor to louis xiii; believed in absolutism |
| charles v | holy roman emperor; member of hapsburg famly; father of phillip ii |
| phillip ii | defender of catholic faith; sent spanish armada to destruction |
| escorial | estate of phillip ii; included a church |
| absolutism | belief that rulers only answered to god; rulers got power through divine right |
| spanish armada | phillip's attempt to rid the world of elizabeth and england; was unsuccessful; bad leadership and bad weather |
| louis xiv | absolute ruler in france; ruled for a long time; ran france into ground after colbert died with bad decisions; playboy and partier |
| inquistion | court set up by catholics to defend the faith; also tried to reconvert people to catholicism |
| copernicus | first to say the sun is the center of the universe; did not actually prove it |
| galileo | improved telescope; proved copernicus's theory; had to rescind beliefs in front of inquisition |
| francis bacon | believed experimentation was the way to truth |
| rene descartes | believed logic was the way to truth; together with bacon's idea set stage for the scientific method |
| isaac newton | developed calculus, laws of motion, and theory of gravity |
| glorious revolution | bloodless transfer of power in england; brought in william and mary as rulers and english bill of rights |
| english bill of rights | signed by william and mary; gave rights to british citizens never guaranteed before; precursor to american version |
| limited monarcy | type of government in england after glorious revolution; when a king/queen shares power with a governing body |
| william and mary | rulers of england after glorious revolution; signed english bill of rights |
| 30 years war | devasting war in europe between protestants/catholics; also between monarchs/princes; left europe seriously depopulated |
| peace of westphalia | ended 30 years war |
| hapsburg | family name of austrian and spanish rulers |
| prince henry | architect of portuguese exploration; invented caravel |
| vasco da gama | first to reach india going around cape of good hope; sailed for portugal |
| christopher columbus | sailed west to get to india; reached "new world"; sailed for spain |
| treaty of tordesillas | decided by pope alexander; split up new world between spain and portugal at the Line of Demarcation |
| ferdinand magellan | 1st to circumnavigate the world; sailed for spain; died on journey in phillipines |
| boers | dutch farmers in south africa; first european settlers in africa; calvinist beliefs |
| renaissance | time of new learning and ideas after the middle ages |
| medici family | ruled florence, italy; major patron of the arts |
| leonardo da vinci | 1st "renaissance man"; painted last supper and mona lisa |
| michelangelo | painted ceiling of sistine chapel and sculpted david |
| machiavelli | wrote "the prince"; gave direction to rulers as to how to keep power and rule well |
| gutenberg | german inventor of movable-type printing press; truly changed the world |
| shakespeare | wrote romeo and juliet; wrote 36 other plays; great linguist |
| martin luther | wrote 95 theses; attacked corruption of catholic church; excommunicated from catholic church for beliefs; believed salvation came through faith and bible, not deeds; ideas became basis for protestant reformation |
| indulgences | sold by church to raise money; allowed believers to bypass purgatory and go straight to heaven |
| 95 theses | list of complaints against the catholic church by martin luther; posted on the front door of a church in wittenburg, germany |
| peace of augsburg | agreement between german princes that allowed each of them to choose the religion of their territory; necessary because of the growth of the reformation |
| john calvin | developed a faith based on closeness to god; founded a society in switzerland for this group |
| predestination | belief that god has already decided what will happen to everything and everyone; big belief of john calvin |
| henry viii | started church of england when pope would not annul marriage to catherine; ended up having 6 wives; father of edward vi, mary tudor, and elizabeth |
| catherine of aragon | 1st wife of henry viii; catholic; mother of mary tudor; henry wanted divorce because she did not give him a son |
| mary tudor | catholic daughter of henry viii and catherine of aragon; became queen after edward vi; ruled as staunch catholic; attacked all protestants and their beleifs; married phillip ii of spain |
| anne boleyn | 2nd wife of henry viii; mother of elizabeth; beheaded for treason when she did not give henry viii a son |
| act of supremacy | law passed by parliament naming henry viii the leader of the church of england; officially broke off the england from the catholic church forever |
| elizabethan settlement | policy by elizabeth allowing both catholics and protestantst to worship in england freely; very much calmed england after the tumultuous rule of mary tudor |
| jesuits | faction of catholic priests who tried to preserve and expand the catholic faith; education was also important to them |
| ignatius loyola | founder of the jesuits |
| maria theresa | leader of austria; first major successful women monarch; reorganized government and saved austria from being overtaken because of her leadership |
| hohenzollern | family name of prussian leaders |
| frederick william i | established prussia as a european power; developed an outstanding army for his country; his used that army to expand territory |
| peter the great | russian leader who tried to westernize russia; also attempted to gain a warm water port for russia |
| catherine the great | leader of russia; attained warm water port for russia; suppressed power of nobles and made life even tougher for peasants |
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