| Term | Definition |
|---|
| ΔT | ΔQ is proportional to this |
| Temperature | The average amount of kinetic energy of particles in the substance |
| Temperature | A function of the heat content of a body |
| Electronic | The type of energy that is chemical potential energy |
| Vibrational | Solid, liquid & gas kinetic energy |
| Rotational | Liquid & gas kinetic energy |
| Translational | Gas kinetic energy |
| ΔU=ΔQ-w | Equation for change in internal energy |
| w=PΔV | Equation for work done |
| Temperature | Dictates direction in which any energy will flow |
| Heat | Sum of movement of molecules (vibration, rotation, translation) |
| Heat | This is transferred due to difference in temperature |
| Internal Energy | Total amount of energy stored in heat and chemical potential energy (vibrational, rotational, translational and electronic) |
| Internal Energy | This shows change in heat or ability to work (only gas, change volume of gas at constant pressure) |
| Work | Force overcoming or resisting another force |
| Work | This is shown when mass has traveled a distance in a 3-D plane |
| Zeroth Law | This states that heat (energy) moves from hot to cold objects |
| Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution | At the point where heat no longer flows between bodies, the distribution of kinetic energy in all particles of the system follows one of these: |
| Heat Death of the Universe | The phenomenon where the universe reaches thermal equilibrium |
| Heat capacity | The capacity to take heat without rise in temperature |
| Specific heat capacity | The quantity of heat required to raise 1 K in 1 gram of a substance |
| ΔQ=mcΔT | Equation for heat change involving specific heat |
| 4.1868 | Liquid water's specific heat capacity [with J/(Kg)] |
| calorie | Another name for 4.184 J/(Kg) |
| Total heat content | The total sum of all kinetic energies in a sample |
| Internal Energy | Potential energy combined with kinetic energy |
| Enthalpy | The combined sum of all energy in any sample of matter |
| ΔH=ΔU+w | Equation for change in enthalpy |
| ΔQ | At constant pressure ΔH (R.T.P) is equal to this |
| First law | The law which states that energy can neither be destroyed nor created |
| 0 | Total sum of ΔH in the universe |
| Conduction | 1st way heat can travel (alphabetically) |
| Convection | 2nd way heat can travel (alphabetically) |
| Radiation | 3rd way heat can travel (alphabetically) |
| Amount | 1st state of matter (alphabetically) |
| Pressure | 2nd state of matter (alphabetically) |
| Temperature | 3rd state of matter (alphabetically) |
| Volume | 4th state of matter (alphabetically) |
| Enthalpy | An example of a state function |
| Entropy | Measure of disorder (chaos) in a system |
| Entropy | The probability distribution within matter |
| Second law | The law which states that energy will always spontaneously flow in a direction in which entropy increases |
| Third law | The law which states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is zero |
| Increases | Entropy increases as the number of partices in a system... |
| Increases | Entropy increases as the temperature of a reacting system... |
| Phase | Entropy increases as the substance changes this |
| Fixed energy | Energy which cannot perform work |
| Free energy | Energy available to do work |
| ΔG=ΔH-TΔS | The change in Gibbs Free energy (assume constant temperature) |
| Feasible | A reaction with negative ΔG is |
| Collision theory | This theorizes that energy is required to break chemical bonds (+ΔH, endothermic) and energy is released when bonds are formed (-ΔH, exothermic) |
| Activation energy | The energy required to initiate reactions under kinetic control |
| Electrodes | Two of these (made of different substances) are required to make a reacting cell |
| Physical contact | The reactants of a battery cell cannot have this with each other |
| solution | Half-cells contain one of this of the metal used as the electrode |
| salt bridge | porous barrier |
| Anode | This electrode shrinks |
| Cathode | This electrode grows |
| Galvanic cell | Another name for a Voltaic cell (a spontaneous cell with -ΔG) |
| Electrolytic cell | A type of cell in which an external power source overcomes the natural tendency of the electron flow |
| Decoherence | The phenomenon that the possibilities of quantum mechanics collapses into one state |
| Blackbody radiation | The phenomenon that all objects at the same temperature glow at the same color |
| E=hv | The equation of the relationship between energy and the frequency of light |
| Harmonic oscillator | All waves begin with this |
| Photoelectric effect | The phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from matter after they are absorbed |
| C | The symbol for wavelength multiplied by frequency |
| Particle-wave duality | The phenomenon that light can be reflected and refracted, but that it also can be blocked and it has momentum (no mass) |
| Energy levels | Bohr's atomic model stated that electrons inhabited these specific regions |
| Lyman series | Ultraviolet emission lines for hydrogen |
| Balmer series | Visible light emission lines for hydrogen |
| Paschen series | Near-Infrared emission lines for hydrogen |
| Brackett series | 1 of 2 Intermediate Infrared emission lines for hydrogen (alphabetically) |
| Pfund series | 2 of 2 Intermediate Infrared emission lines for hydrogen (alphabetically) |
| Wavelength | Planck's constant, divided by the product of mass and frequency |
| Heisenberg's uncertainty principle | The idea that during an experient the act of observation affects the results of experimentation |
| 101.325 kPa | Sea-level atmospheric pressure |
| n | symbol for principal quantum number (main energy level electron inhabits) |
| l | Symbol for angular momentum quantum number |
| n-1 | The possible values of l (angular momentum quantum number) ranges from 0 to ... |
| ml | Symbol for magnetic quantum number (don't worry about subscript) |
| l | Possible values for the magnetic quantum number ranges from a negative to a positive of this value |
| ms | Symbol for spin quantum number (don't worry about subscript) |
| n | The number of sublevels in an orbital |
| n^2 | The number of orbitals per main energy level |
| 2n^2 | The number of electrons per main energy level |
| orbital | The region of space that surround the nucleus where the electron is most likely found |
| node | A region of space where the wave amplitude is always zero |
| Aufbau principle | This states that electrons will always fill the orbitals from bottom to top with respect to energy |
| Pauli Exclusion principle | This states that no two fermions (electrons) can share the same set of quantum numbers |
| Hunds Rule | This states that in any orbital, we fill all of the positive spin interger particles into the sub-orbitals before any spin negatives |
| Period | A row in a periodic table |
| Group | A column in a periodic table |
| periodic function | The physical and chemical characteristics of elements have this relationship with their atomic number |
| periodicity | A repeating pattern that is at regular intervals |
| 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32 | These are the periodic numbers in order |
| Transition Metals | Groups 3-12 |
| Alkali Metals | Group 1 |
| Alkaline Earth Metals | Group 2 |
| Halogens | Group 17 |
| Noble Gases | Group 18 |
| Coinage Metals | Group 11 |
| Other Metals & Other Non-metals | group 13-16 |
| Semi-conductors | The four nonmetals and the two metals along the metal-nonmetal dividing line (Boron, silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium) |
| Rare Earths | Lanthanoids and Actinoids (Up to Uranium) |
| Trans-uranic | Elements with atomic number higher than 92 are such |
| Stoichiometry | The relative proportions in which elements form compounds, or in which substances react |
| The law of definite proportions | "The proportions of elements by mass in a compound are always the same, no matter how the compound is made" |
| The law of Multiple Proportions | “When two elements A & B combine to form more than one compound, then the masses of B that combine with a fixed mass of A are in a simple ratio to one another” |
| The law of Equivalent Proportions | "When two elements A & B each form a compound with a third element C, then a compound of A & B will contain A & B in the relative proportions in which they react with C." |
| The same | At the same temperature and pressure, the number of particles in the same volume of two different gases are... |
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