Biology Chapter 4
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ibebae on October 23, 2012
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biology note cards chapter 4
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47 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 micrograph | photograph of the view through a microscope |
| light microscope | microscope consisting of an optical instrument that magnifies the image of an object |
| cell theory | (biology) the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms |
| electron microscope | a microscope that is similar in purpose to a light microscope but achieves much greater resolving power by using a parallel beam of electrons to illuminate the object instead of a beam of light |
| scanning electron microscope | An electron microscope used to study the fine details of cell surfaces |
| prokaryotic cells | Small, simple, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, single loop of DNA (nucleosome), no cellulose, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall (made of carbs), somtimes have cilia or flagella (movement). |
| eukaryotic cells | Larger, complex, with nucleus, membrane bound organelles, DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins in chromosomes, cellulose in plant cell walls. |
| plasma membrane | a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell |
| chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes |
| transmission electron microscope | An electron microscope used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells |
| ribosomes | non membrane bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis |
| cytoplasm | the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus |
| nucleoid | A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. |
| flagella | long, thin, whip-like structures, with a core of microtubules, that enable some cells to move |
| organelles | small structures in the cytoplasm that do special jobs |
| cellular metabolism | chemical activities of a cell |
| nucleus | a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction |
| chromatin | the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins |
| nucleolus | a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus |
| endomembrane system | The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. |
| vesicles | small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell |
| endoplasmic reticulum | an internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down. |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm |
| golgi apparatus | a net-like structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells (especially in those cells that produce secretions) |
| lysosome | cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell |
| vacuole | a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell |
| central vacuole | A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development. |
| peroxisome | A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide. |
| mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP) from oxygen and sugar(Cellular respiration) |
| intermembrane space | the fluid filled space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes |
| mitrochondrial matrix | Where carbon dioxide is produced during respiration in cells |
| chloroplasts | organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis |
| stroma | the supporting tissue of an organ (as opposed to parenchyma) |
| thylakoids | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy. |
| granum | a stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast |
| endosymbiosis | Process through which early prokaryotic cells are thought to have engulfed other, smaller cells and eventually incorporated them as organelles; these cells evolved into modern-day eukaryotes. |
| cytoskeleton | a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence |
| microfilaments | fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton |
| intermediate filaments | Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments |
| microtubles | long strands such a spindle fibers that move chromosomes |
| centrioles | two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope |
| basal body | A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole. |
| integrins | in animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. |
| extracellular martrix | a substance in which the cells of an animal tissue are embedded; consists of protein and polysaccharides. |
| cell wall | a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell |
| plasmodesmata | Open channels in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell. |
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